Over the decades, partnership between India and Russia has grown stronger, enabling them to undertake combined efforts for development engagement in neighbouring regions beyond. Central Asia, which is a common neighbourhood of both Russia, historically culturally had close relations with two countries. Given India's status as major rising economy Russia's powerful presence deep ties region, cou...

Tajikistan is a hotspot of plant and animal species diversity and endemism andis important for the conservation of biodiversity on a global scale. The country is located ata biological crossroads. Species from Central and Northern Europe, Central Asia, theMiddle East, and North Africa mingle here with endemics found nowhere else. Therichness of Tajikistan‘s biodiversity shows up at the genetic,...

this article aims to explain how islamic fundamentalism in central asia could challenge afghan national security following the withdrawal of international forces. in this paper, the authors focusing on two jihadi islamists groups in central asia, called the imu (islamic movement of uzbekistan) and islamic jihad :union: (islamic jihadism of uzbekistan) believe that high adaptability in the wake ...

National labour market institutions interact across national boundaries when product markets are global. Labour market policies can thus entail spill-overs, a fact widely ignored in the academic literature. This paper studies the effects of wage subsidies in an international duopoly model with unionised labour markets. We document both positive and negative spill-over effects and discuss the be...

security priorities of a country are not only affected by its internal situation, but sometimes regional situation is also a determinant factor of these priorities. the effectiveness of regional situations is especially when the subject country has a growing economy. after the collapse of ussr, the central asia had the same effect on china’s security priorities. china is an emerging global powe...

Cooperative software agents provide a novel framework for building distributed applications. Central to the model is the support for sophisticated coordination and close cooperation among diierent agents working together towards accomplishing a speciied task. In this paper, we focus on expressing and enforcing correctness properties of the coordination and interaction among agents. We build on ...

ninety percent of road traffic deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, which claim less than half the world's registered vehicle fleet. iran and georgia have a strategic position in the region and as a bridge connect europe to asia. almost all over the world countries are planning and implementing solutions to stop tsunami of road accidents. in this paper the main challenges of r...