Infrared absorption spectroscopy of few hundred H+(3) ions trapped in a 22-pole ion trap is presented using chemical probing as a sensitive detection technique down to the single ion level. By exciting selected overtone transitions of the (v(1)=0,v(2) (l)=3(1))<--(0,0(0)) vibrational band using an external cavity diode laser an accurate diagnostics measurement of the effective translational and...

Cool products deliver a leap of value – so much so that people exclaim they are “cool”. Cool products are transformative but cool can fade with time as people get used to them. Compared to other measures, the cool measures are assumed to be more subjective and qualitative in nature. Cool is being redefined all the time; what is cool today will probably not be cool in a few years. In extensive r...

Photo 1. The Sierra de Cazorla mountains in southeastern Spain, where the study was carried out. area is characterized by rugged topography, high habitat and species diversity, outstanding degree of preservation natural vegetation. credit: Carlos M. Herrera. 2. As many other mountain areas from mid-latitudes Holarctic realm, flowering season plant communities starts well before end winter, when...

The demand for comfort cooling is increasing very quickly around the world, e.g. due to improved living standards. At present, air-conditioning is consuming large amounts of electricity, often during hours of peak power demand. Also, a major part of the electricity around the world is produced from fossil fuels, and thus the threat of global warming, caused by increasing emissions of carbon dio...

With growing urban populations, methods of reducing the heat island effect have become increasingly important. Cool pavements altering storage materials used in can lead to lower surface temperatures and reduce thermal radiation emitted atmosphere. pavement technologies utilize various strategies temperature new existing pavements, including increased albedo, evaporative cooling, reduced conduc...

This paper describes the development and exploration of a tool designed to assist in investigating ‘cool’ as it applies to the design of interactive products for teenagers. The method involved the derivation of theoretical understandings of cool from literature that resulted in identification of seven core categories for cool, which were mapped to a hierarchy. The hierarchy includes having of c...