Cognitive disequilibrium and its affiliated affective state of confusion have been found to positively correlate with learning, presumably due to the effortful cognitive activities that accompany their experience. Although confusion naturally occurs in several learning contexts, we hypothesize that it can be induced and scaffolded to increase learning opportunities. We addressed the possibility...

Inconsistencies call for reasoners to revise the information that yields them – but which information should they revise? A dominant view is that they should revise their beliefs in a minimal way. An alternative is that the primary task is to explain how the inconsistency arose. It implies that individuals are likely to violate minimalism in two ways: they should infer more information than is ...

Dialetheism is the claim that some contradictions are true. For anyone trained in standard logic and raised in the belief that already in antiquity Aristotle settled once and for all that there is the Law of Non-Contradiction dialetheism sounds not just false, but bizarre. On the other hand people contradict each other quite often and a couple of theories have turned out to be inconsistent. Nev...

The process to provide integrated access to several, independent information sources is not easy, due to semantic heterogeneities which lead to semantic connicts or contradictions. In this paper we present a discussion about the existence of contradictions, their importance and how they can be handled when the need of cooperation arises.

Research findings on addiction are contradictory. According to biographical records and widely used diagnostic manuals, addicts use drugs compulsively. These accounts are consistent with genetic research and laboratory experiments in which repeated administration of addictive drugs caused changes in neural substrates associated with reward. However, epidemiological and experimental data show th...

Checkland's Soft Systems Methodology for defining and solving problems in organizations is presented on the basis of an application of the methodology. In many ways this approach represents an improvement in relation to more traditional approaches to computer-based information systems. Based on an experiment we explore the possibilities of combining the practical usefulness of soft systems thin...

The Contradiction/Correspondence between Secondary Educational System’s Objectives and Regulations F. Mohammadi* M. Noghaanidokht Bahmani, Ph.D. ** M. Kermaani, Ph.D. *** K. Khaaleghpanaah, Ph.D. ****    To improve the quality of education in Iran any contradiction between the regulations and objectives needs to be rectified and correspondences strengthened. To this end,...