Abstract We used two-wave panel data obtained from avocado growers in Murang’a County Kenya to examine, through the perspective of gender, dynamics farmers’ participation production and marketing organizations (PMOs), test whether understanding group is important for analyzing contract farming. Using a multinomial logit (MNL) model, we identify characteristics men women participating PMOs categ...

This study used 1982-1986 data on 262 private community hospitals to evaluate the effects of selective contracting for inpatient services by California's Medicaid program. Selective contracting by Medicaid significantly reduced the rate of inflation in average costs per admission and per patient day, while slightly increasing average lengths of patient stays. Private sector contracting also red...

Let G $G$ be a finitely generated group. We show that for any finite symmetric generating set A $A$ , the language consisting of all geodesics in Cay ( ) $(G,A)$ with contracting property is regular language. An immediate consequence existence an infinite geodesic Cayley graph group implies element. In particular, torsion groups cannot contain geodesic. As application, this containing must eith...

Studies in Government contracting are relatively new manifestation to academic research. Expanding theories to practitioner challenges may offer new concepts and insights to potential solutions to these challenges. Through a review of relevant literature, the researcher sought to 1) identify an operational definition of sustainability in government contracting and 2) bridge gaps in information ...

Business-to-business electronic contracting has gained attention in recent years as a way to improve traditional contracting practices as well as a paradigm that allows the support of new business models in an enterprise. This paper presents the business case of the Dutch news medium Telegraaf for contracting of advertising spots in its on-line edition. We discuss replacement of current contrac...

In a principal-agent environment with moral hazard and symmetric information, having or acquiring a more informative technology lowers the cost to implement a given action. Contracting may occur after or before the principal learns her technology. We show that when the principal has or will acquire private information about her technology, (i) with ex post contracting, the value of information ...

The rapid development of IT gives rise to changes in many industries and different spheres of life. It simplifies and speeds up processes and data processing. As a result, it changes the processes and the data involved in them. The area of commerce and contracting in particular undergoes similar changes. The new developments aim at speeding up, facilitating and globalizing the process of contra...

Electronic contracting aims at improving existing business relationship paradigms and at enabling new forms of contractual relationships. To successfully realize these objectives, an integral understanding of the contracting field must be established. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework for businessto-business contracting support. The framework provides a complete view over the con...

E-contracting implies pre-order electronic interaction between customers and suppliers engaging in business transactions. This paper examines electronic contracting from an interorganizational perspective. It derives a collaboration process architecture for contracting in retail and industrial companies and outlines key design decisions concerning a processsupporting system architecture. A case...