Has Tom spoken truly? Surely, Jones’s epistemic position seems good enough for satisfying the predicate ‘knows that the animals in the pen are zebras’ (henceforth ‘knows Z’): Jones has visual experiences of a black and white striped horse-like animal, she can discriminate reliably between zebras and antelopes, she has read the sign on the pen that reads ‘Zebra Pen’, etc. Thus, Tom’s utterance o...

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contextualism gets started when it is observed that utterances of the same nonindexical sentence occurring in different contexts may get different evaluations as to truth or falsity. let us cite some well-known examples, representative of some varieties of sentences for which the above-mentioned observation holds (albeit by no means exhaustive of those varieties and not meant to suggest a class...

A popular form of contextualism concerning indicative conditional statements embraces the following three theses: (i) Indicative conditionals semantically express (i.e. can be used to assert the truth of) propositions. (ii) Which proposition is asserted by an utterance of an indicative conditional sentence sometimes depends on the context in which it is uttered. Moreover, (iii) which propositio...

Rather than embracing the notion that contextualism requires purely qualitative methodologies, Westerman and Yanchar argue that there is a place for quantification in post-positivist research. Both authors provide compelling arguments for this position. From our cognitive developmental perspective, we see this as a move toward a new level of integration in psychology. Whereas reactive shifts be...

This chapter examines the economic arguments for textualism and contextualism, the two primary methodologies used by courts to determine the intentions of contracting parties with respect to their performance obligations. Textualism, which is rooted in the idea of complete contracting, calls for a more restrictive approach to implied terms and interpretation than contextualism, which is rooted ...