We investigate the impact of household use of labor-saving farm technologies on first-time out-migration after the household agriculture and consumption survey was conducted in 1996. Building on the labor substitution framework, we hypothesize that household use of labor-saving technologies (e.g., tractors, farm implements, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides) increases individual out-migratio...

in order to study the effects of integrated application of bio- and chemical fertilizers and application method of biofertilizer on the yield and yield components of maize (zea mays l.), an experiment was conducted in 2008 in shushtar in a factorial arrangement with completely randomized block design with three replicates. treatments were integrated application of biological and chemical fertil...

this paper develops positive mathematical programming (pmp) model to determine the optimum cropping pattern and water demand function in six regions of lower part lands of shirindarre dam in north khorasan province of iran and then estimates the expected pay for water in each region. the quantity of water supplied from such different water resources as dams, wells, and rivers in different scena...

The effects of integrated nutrient management (INM) by municipal solid waste manure (MSWM) on wheat yield were studied in rice-wheat and cotton-wheat systems. each site was used as an independent experimental unit. Two fertilizer doses (conventional and site-specific) were applied in each of three improved techniques: chemical fertilizers, and MSWM plus chemical fertilizers with and without pes...

Many concerns exist today in rural and urban sectors about the threat to natural resources because of the problems agricultural production practices are causing, i.e. use of chemicals affecting the quality of life (Padgitt, 1987; Hallberg, 1986; Baker, Kanwar & Austin, 1985). Through the use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides farmers are able to produce a reliable source of aff...

The modern chemical industry developed rapidly in the 20th century. Recent chemical engineering milestones — such as the integration of systems engineering methodologies, computer control, and advances in bioengineering and new materials — are at the core of today’s chemical industry, and have made enormous impacts on human civilization. The Chinese chemical industry experienced major changes i...

considered is an important objectives of sustainable agriculture,environmental protection and achieving inclusive development.therefore it seems essential method that can reduce the excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers.the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of plant growth promoting microorganisms and effect of combination nutrition systems,chemical and bacterial on stages ...