Well-defined carbon polyhedrons with faceted morphologies and hollow internal structures made of self-organized multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been fabricated by gas phase catalytic CVD inside microchannels, of which the confined space is critical for the formation of polyhedral structures with hexagonal, heptagonal and octagonal cross-sections that show superhydrophobic properties, with th...

Stochastic simulations are used to characterize the knotting distributions of random ring polymers confined in spheres of various radii. The approach is based on the use of multiple Markov chains and reweighting techniques, combined with effective strategies for simplifying the geometrical complexity of ring conformations without altering their knot type. By these means we extend previous studi...

The purpose of this work is to study and evaluate the limitations of using acoustic communications in the vicinity of artificial reefs. By placing hydrophones and transmitters in different strategic locations we have studied the performance of this technology in confined spaces. The ultimate goal of this work is to provide information for the proper design of acoustic communication systems to m...

This study was designed to quantify and compare transmural myocardial blood flow in the right and left ventricles of awake dogs during systole and diastole, and during total coronary artery occlusion. Studies were performed in six awake dogs chronically prepared with electromagnetic flowmeters and pneumatic occluders on the left circumflex and right coronary arteries. Intermittent coronary perf...

Hydrodynamically confined flow device technology is a young research area with high practical application potential in surface processing, assay development, and in various areas of single cell research. Several variants have been developed, and most recently, theoretical and conceptual studies, as well as fully developed automated systems, were presented. In this article we review concepts, fa...

The current research on confined submerged waterjets mainly focuses on the flow field of the impinging jet and wall jet. The double-sided wall vertically confined waterjet, which is widely used in many fields such as mining, cleaning and surface strengthening, has rarely been studied so far. In order to explore the influence of a double-sided wall confined width on the velocity field of submerg...

OBJECTIVES In a job site, a portable fan is often used to ventilate a confined space. When a portable fan is applied to such a space, the actual ventilation flow rate must be accurately estimated in advance because the safety level of contaminant and oxygen concentrations in the space will determine the ventilation requirements. When a portable fan is used with a flexible duct, the actual flow ...

Chemical reactions inside carbon nanotubes can yield unusual outcomes. Molecular dynamics simulations show that within the confined space of carbon nanotubes, the 1,4-exo adduct of a Diels-Alder cycloaddition may be produced instead of the 9,10-adduct, which is favoured in bulk. The likely product is highly dependent on the nanotube radius and reactant size.