In der Chirurgie spielte Training schon immer eine wichtige Rolle. Mit der Einführung minimal-invasiver Verfahren ist der Bedarf deutlich gestiegen. Neben dem Tiermodell konnte der Anwender bisher nur auf Boxoder virtuelle Trainer zurückgreifen. ELITE (endoskopisch-laparoskopische interdisziplinäre Trainingseinheit) ist ein neues voll-synthetisches ex-vivo Trainingsmodell, mit dem die unterschi...

Recently, a proliferation of athletic supplements has been marketed touting boron as an ergogenic aid capable of increasing testosterone. The effect of boron supplementation was investigated in male bodybuilders. Ten male bodybuilders (aged 20 to 26) were given a 2.5-mg boron supplement, while nine male bodybuilders (aged 21 to 27) were given a placebo for 7 weeks. Plasma total and free testost...

The present study quantitatively examined the ethnographic social–psychological profile suggested by A. M. Klein (1993) for American bodybuilders using Israeli bodybuilders. Eighty male gym trainees and 80 men who have never trained completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Bem’s Sex Role Inventory, the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality (AHS) and the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Sc...

Objective: One of the problems in sports community is the use of energetic drugs by athletes. The purpose of present study was examining the prevalence of energetic drugs use and the role of perfectionism, sensation seeking and physical self-concept in discriminating bodybuilders with positive and negative attitude toward doping. Methodology: This study was a crosssectional survey. A number of ...

OBJECTIVES To find the relationship between anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) using and QT interval in athletes. METHODS Between January 1, 2005 and May 31, 2007, we examined QTc interval duration in 165 consecutive male professional bodybuilders [age: 32.1 +/- 4.6 years]. Of these, 79 were AAS users. The control group included 90 sedentary age and gender matched subjects [none of them were ...

An elite athlete is a rare combination of talent, hard work and the right psychological profile. In sports today, everyone knows the best training methods, has access to the best facilities and most nutritional foods. Often the difference between the good and the elite is the mental qualities of the athletes. The focus of this paper is on three psychological characteristics athletes: confidence...