the increase in water demand and its services due to population growth and the raising of the standards of living, health, and hygiene along with the limitation of water resources, droughts, and climate change has attracted water specialists and planners to explore the use of unconventional water resources, such as sewage and saline waters. moreover, industrial and rural wastewater disposal and...

This editorial introduces the F1000Research rare disease collection. It is common knowledge that for new treatments to be successful there has to be a partnership between the many interested parties such as the patient, advocate, disease foundations, the academic scientists, venture funding organizations, biotech companies, pharmaceutical companies, NIH, and the FDA. Our intention is to provide...

The medullary collecting duct (MCD) from renal outer medulla possesses significant HCO3 absorptive capacity. In vitro microperfusion studies have shown that HCO3 absorption in this segment is carbonic anhydrase dependent, affected by peritubular and luminal chloride concentrations, is independent of the presence of Na or the presence of Na transport, and is stimulated by mineralocorticoid hormo...

In this paper we describe an analysis system for logic programs which makes it possible to collect call-pattern dependent information about possible optimisations of individual atoms. The result of such an analysis is a collection of tables, one per predicate. Each table contains the specification of call patterns. For each specification, a list of program points is kept. These program points a...

The collection and analysis of telemetry data from user’s devices is routinely performed by many software companies. Telemetry collection leads to improved user experience but poses significant risks to users’ privacy. Locally differentially private (LDP) algorithms have recently emerged as the main tool that allows data collectors to estimate various population statistics, while preserving pri...

This paper studies quality of human labels used to train search engines’ rankers. Our specific focus is performance improvements obtained by using overlapping relevance labels, which collecting multiple human judgments for each training sample. The paper explores whether, when, and for which should obtain overlapping training labels, as well as labels per sample are needed. The proposed scheme ...

We present a semantics of programs whose level of detail lie in between that of collecting semantics, which describe the set of states which appear at a program point, and of trace semantics, which additionally describe the sequence in which states appear. Collecting semantics, being simpler, have the advantage of being amenable to Hoare-style reasoning which operates on program syntax and is c...