Assessing the spatial distribution of weeds within a field is key step to success site-specific weed management strategies. Centaurea diluta (knapweed) an emerging that causing major agronomic problem in southern and central Spain because its large size, difficulty controlling it, high competitive ability. The main objectives this study were examine variability C. density two wheat fields by mu...

Saline lakes can increase the soil and water salinity of the coastal areas. The main aim of this study is to distinguish the characteristics of the spectral reflectance of saline soil, analyze the statistical relationship between soil EC and characteristics of the spectral reflectance of saline soil, and to map soil salinity east of the Maharloo Lake. The correlation between field measurements ...

The global exploring feature of the surrogate model makes it a useful intermedia for design optimization. accuracy is closely related with efficiency optima-search. cokriging approach described in present studies can significantly improve and cut down turnaround time spent on modeling process. Compared to universal Kriging method, method interpolates not only sampling data, but also their assoc...

rainfall erosivity is the ability of rainfall to detach the soil particles. this study was conducted to evaluate spatial variability of rainfall erosivity indices in khouzestan province. the point data of indices (ei30, aim, ke>1 and onchev indices) in 74 stations were used to generate spatial erosivity maps through deterministic and geostatistical interpolation methods (radial basis functions,...

Abstract Missing data is a frequent problem in meteorological and hydrological temporal observation sets. Finding effective solutions to this essential because complete time series are required conduct reliable analyses. This study used daily rainfall from 60 rain gauges spatially distributed within Portugal's Guadiana River basin over 30-year reference period (1976–2005). Gap-filling approache...