parapsychology, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, have considered, by physicists and philosophers,by institutes which formed ,and in the twentieth century, especially during the post-modern age, as means of critic and break the materialistic and physicalistic view of modernity, is more important. review this subject ,in the islamic culture,breasting our with  researches  of avesina th...

In this second volume of Professor Needham's proposed eight-volume treatise on Chinese science and civilization, he describes in extensive and loving detail the philosophical background against which the specific sciences in China developed. In the first part, Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism are analyzed with special attention being paid to the implications of these philosophies for w...

The Status of Curriculum Planning in the Iranian Educational System A. R. Sharifi To assess the status of curriculum planning in the Iranian educational system, a sample of 35 elementary school curriculum experts, willing to cooperate, was given a questionnaire containing ten indices of quality for the elementary school curriculum, with a reliability of 0.81. The analysis of the colle...

What is the relationship between cognitive theories of symbol grounding and philosophical theories of meaning? In this paper we argue that, although often considered to be fundamentally distinct, the two are actually very similar. Both set out to explain how non-referring atomic tokens or states of a system can acquire status as semantic primitives within that system. In view of this close rela...

Philosophical logic studies the relationships between philosophical stands and logic as well as the logical and philosophical consequences that can be drawn from these connections. There is a good deal of results in this area spread over the second half of last century and, these days, there seems to be a renewed interest in this topic perhaps due to the introduction of ontological concerns in ...

In this second volume of Professor Needham's proposed eight-volume treatise on Chinese science and civilization, he describes in extensive and loving detail the philosophical background against which the specific sciences in China developed. In the first part, Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism are analyzed with special attention being paid to the implications of these philosophies for w...

Coherent imprecise probabilistic beliefs are modelled as incomplete comparative likelihood relations admitting a multiple-prior representation. Under a structural assumption of Equidivisibility, we provide an axiomatization of such relations and show uniqueness of the representation. In the second part of the paper, we formulate a behaviorally general “Likelihood Compatibility” axiom relating p...