BACKGROUND Financing ART is variously regulated in the different countries of Europe. In Germany, coverage of assisted reproduction by statutory health insurances was restricted to 50% in 2004. We conducted a national survey among patients, professionals (physicians and other academics in IVF centres, psychosocial counsellors, medical ethicists, social lawyers, health politicians) and the gener...

background: households’ financial protection against health payments and expenditures and equity in utilization of health care services are of the most important tasks of governments. this study aims to measuring equity in household’s health care payments according to fairness in financial contribution (ffc) and kakwani indices in tehran-iran, 2013. methods: this cross-sectional study was condu...

March 2005 57 Bindu Ananth is a Manager at ICICI Bank. She has worked in ICICI Bank's microfinance practice for over three years and is currently the co-ordinator of the Centre for MicroFinance Research. The views presented in this paper are solely those of the author and do not in any way reflect the views of ICICI Bank. Capital constraint is an issue impeding scaling up of microfinance in Ind...

Mandatory participation in mutual health insurance schemes and public subsidies for the poor have led to considerable improvement in public health and health care in Rwanda, but even at US$ 2 a year, the price for some members of the population remains prohibitively high. Aimable Twahirwa reports from Kigali. Rwanda’s Ministry of Health plans, to boost community participation in the financing o...

Despite anecdotal evidence connecting angel and venture capital (VC) financing, there is little systematic evidence on how the two early-stage capital sources interact. To study this topic, I assemble the first comprehensive dataset on angel financing and characterize its size, scope, and role in the early-stage capital market. I use the population of newly incorporated startups located in Cali...

At present, the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in China’s market economy has caused great concern of the whole society. Small and medium-sized enterprises financing difficulties directly affect our country to complete the “public entrepreneurship, people’s innovation” goal. There are many reasons for the financing difficulties of SMEs, such as the small and medium-sized enterpr...

the purpose of this research is to study the effects of board of director structure on financing constraints for the companies listed on tehran stock exchange (tse). for this purpose, indigenised kaplan and zingales (kz) index  has been used as a proxy for financing constraints. the population consists of 56 companies of tse spanning 2007-2013 and the multivariate logistic regression is used. t...

This paper constructs a stochastic version of an endogenously growing economy with a public good that raises the productivity of private capital. We explore how growth and welfare are influenced by changes in the mean and variance of productive public spending under two alternative financing methods, mixed money–bond financing and wealth-tax financing. In addition, to evaluate the differences b...

The accelerating accumulation and risk concentration of Chinese local financing platforms debts have attracted wide attention throughout the world. Due to the network of financial exposures among institutions, the failure of several platforms or regions of systemic importance will probably trigger systemic risk and destabilize the financial system. However, the complex network of credit relatio...