T he first Aspen Lung Conference entitled “Symposium on Emphysema and the Chronic Bronchitis Syndrome,” was held in 1958. It’s purpose was to develop an understanding of what these terms meant and to begin to unravel the causes and factors associated with the prognosis. The original Aspen Emphysema Conferences were funded by contracts from a branch of the United States Public Health Service. Th...

Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology, which was first described in 1936, is the study of the interactions between the psyche, neural and endocrine functions and immune responses. The aim of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology is to apply medical knowledge to the treatment of different allergic, immune, autoimmune, rheumatic, neoplastic, endocrine, cardiovascular and dental pathologies, among other disorde...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in physiological functions and act as mediators in various signaling processes. Elevated or sustained generation of free radicals and non radical species derived from free radicals can lead to an imbalance in the intracellular redox homeostasis. Normally, any excess levels of reactive radical and nonradical species generated are intercepted by antioxid...