Biomarkers are present in all parts of the body including body fluids and tissues. Most of the clinical laboratory examinations are done on body fluids such as blood and urine. Biomarkers can be detected on imaging studies or examination of body tissues. Even exhaled breath contains biomarkers. A wide range of technologies is utilized for detection of biomarkers and a number of assays are alrea...

BACKGROUND Excessive or inadequate intravenous fluid given in the perioperative period can affect outcomes. A number of guidelines exist but these can conflict with the entrenched practice, evidence base and prescriber knowledge. We conducted a multi-centre audit of intraoperative and postoperative intravenous fluid therapy to investigate fluid administration practice and frequency of postopera...

abstract background: despite the scientific and medical advances for management of complicated health issues, the current maternity care setting has increased risks for healthy women and their babies. the aim of this study was to conduct an overview of published systematic reviews on the interventions used most commonly for management of normal labor and delivery in the first stage of labor. ma...

abstract posttraumatic intravasation of fat and debris can lead to a cascade of events. hydroxyethyl starches (hes) markedly suppress neutrophil influx by decreasing pulmonary capillary permeability and facilitating tissue oxygenation by improving microcirculation. it was hypothesized that in hypoxemic femur injury patients undergoing operative stabilization, hes administration will prevent the...

iv therapy is an important option in incapable patients’ treatment. in this paper, we discuss about: a) for best control of them, we must know about what materials are in these drugs? b) for what reason they are use? c) what errors may be happen in use of them? amount of iv fluids must be accommodating with loss of fluids. firstly, we review amount of main body fluids. main part of our body wei...

BACKGROUND Fungal infections are a rare but important cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplantation. Fungal contamination of the kidney preservation fluid may, sometimes, be the cause of these infections. However, the clinical consequences of fungal contamination of this fluid are not completely understood and literature on this topic is controversial. The purpose of this study was...

Epigenetic alterations by promoter DNA hypermethylation and gene silencing in cancer have been reported over the past few decades. DNA hypermethylation has great potential to serve as a screening marker, a prognostic marker, and a therapeutic surveillance marker in cancer clinics. Some bodily fluids, such as stool or urine, were obtainable without any invasion to the body. Thus, such bodily flu...

OBJECTIVE To clarify the practice of withholding the artificial administration of fluids and food from elderly patients with dementia in nursing homes. DESIGN Qualitative, ethnographic study in two phases. SETTING 10 wards in two nursing homes in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 35 patients with dementia, eight doctors, 43 nurses, and 32 families. RESULTS The clinical course of dementia wa...

Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) is a high throughput analytical technique capable of detecting low molecular weight analytes, including illicit drugs, and with potential applications in forensic toxicology as well as athlete and workplace testing, particularly for biological fluids (oral fluids, urine and blood). However, successful detection of illicit...