Three major types of bilateral asymmetry (fluctuating asymmetry, directional asymmetry, and antisymmetry) have long been recognized in the literature. Little, however, is known about transitions between asymmetry types, especially in natural populations. It is often assumed that directional asymmetry and antisymmetry have a larger genetic basis than fluctuating asymmetry. This leads many scient...

A recently discovered locomotor behavior, wing-assisted incline running (WAIR), allows fully volant animals to 'run' up vertical obstacles. Such a task would appear to be especially formidable for bipeds, yet WAIR is used preferentially by ground-dwelling birds, specifically chukar partridge Alectoris chukar, to reach refugia. The basic locomotor mechanics that enable this behavior are not full...

Newcastle Disease (ND) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease in poultry. Despite the intensive vaccination programs to control Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), the recent infection of NDV in Iran has led to severe morbidity and mortality in Chukar Partridges. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of Inactivated Oil Adjuvant Vaccine (IOAV) following use of live vaccine to hav...