Liver disease, particularly viral hepatitis, is increasingly common. The most frequent causes of long-term, or chronic, viral hepatitis are persistent infections with the hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Worldwide, 400 million people are chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus [1]. Each year, between 500,000 to 1.2 million people die from progression of this viral infection, making it the 10...

results the tlr3 protein in the ach group tended toward reduction although the p value of the comparison between the ach group and hd group was not statistically significant. the tlr3 levels in the hcc, ac, and cir groups were higher than those in the hd and ach groups. tlr3 was not interrelated with all costimulation proteins in the dcs and t cells in all five groups. no group presented any in...

Hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem worldwide. Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in which hepatitis B prevalence is intermediate. The aim of this study is to assess prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection in Iran according to demographic characteristics. All cross-sectional studies concerning prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection in Iran were included irre...

Introduction: Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted through percutaneous (i.e., puncture through the skin) or mucosal (i.e., direct contact with mucous membranes) exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. HBV can cause chronic infection, resulting in cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. Persons with chronic infection a...

conclusions this study indicates that the rate of g1896a mutation at the pc region among hbeag negative patients, in the golestan province of iran, was similar to the average rate encountered in other parts of iran. the pc stop codon mutation was detected in 93.18% of hbeag negative patients. further studies with larger sample sizes are required to elucidate the exact role of these mutations in...

background : hepatitis b virus (hbv) is one of the most popular causes of chronic liver diseases through the world. there are approximately 350 million individuals infected with the hbv that 15 to 20 million of them are co-infected with hdv. it is known that co-existent infection with hdv tends to accelerate the progress of chronic hbv infection to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellula...

results liver function tests in the healthy blood donors were within the normal range. the incidence rates of senv-d and senv-h in the 184 total blood donors were 10 (5.4%) (95% confidence interval (ci): 2.1% - 9.0%) and 32 (17.4%) cases (95% ci: 12.0% - 23.0%), respectively. senv-h/d co-infection occurred in 2 (1.1%) patients. the sera of 8/184 (4.3%) were positive for anti-hbc antibody but ne...

OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors have emerged as a potent treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but not without significant risks. In chronic hepatitis B viral infection TNF-alpha is readily produced, and viral clearance is dependent on the amount bioavailable. Limited data suggest that TNF-alpha inhibitors may facilitate uncontrolled hepatitis B viral replication...

With up to 400 million affected people worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health care problem. During the last decade, several novel therapeutic approaches have been developed and evaluated. In most regions of the world, interferon-α (IFN-α), and nucleos(t)ide analogues are currently approved. Despite major improvements, none of the existing therapies is optim...