Results The therapeutic response evaluated in Hamilton Scale for Depression(HAM-D), Montgomery and Äsberg Depression Rating Scale (M.A.D.R.S. ), Mini Mental State Examination (M.M.S.E.) and Global Clinical Impression (G.C.I.) scores during 8 months. In the third group who received the two drugs associated, had much better response than the others and “brain enhancer”. Conclusions The group who ...

The cholinergic system plays important roles in neurotransmission in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and its action terminated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The predominance of AChE has focused much attention on understanding the relationship of ...

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of old age dementia. The formation of amyloid plaques (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles and loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are the hallmark events in the pathology of AD. LITERATURE REVIEW Cholinergic system is one of the most important neurotransmitter system involved in learning and memory which preferentially degenerates ...

objectives: datura stramonium (ds) is a common weed along roadsides, in cornfields and pastures and in waste areas. it belongs to the family solanaceae and its toxic components are tropane belladonna alkaloids. it has been used voluntarily by teenagers for its hallucinogenic effect. the plant is named in iran as tatoore. symptoms and signs of acute d. stramonium poisoning usually are similar to...

Models of the neuronal mediation of psychotic symptoms traditionally have focused on aberrations in the regulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, via their telencephalic afferent connections, and on the impact of abnormal mesolimbic activity for functions of the ventral striatum and its pallidal-thalamic-cortical efferent circuitry. Repeated psychostimulant exposure models major aspects of...

The basal forebrain cholinergic system modulates neuronal excitability and vascular tone throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This system is severely affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and drug treatment to enhance cholinergic signaling is widely used as symptomatic therapy in AD. Defining the full morphologies of individual basal forebrain cholinergic neurons has, until now, been...

Neurotransmitter corelease is emerging as a common theme of central neuromodulatory systems. Though corelease of glutamate or GABA with acetylcholine has been reported within the cholinergic system, the full extent is unknown. To explore synaptic signaling of cholinergic forebrain neurons, we activated choline acetyltransferase expressing neurons using channelrhodopsin while recording post-syna...

Cholinergic control of the heart is exerted by two distinct branches; the autonomic component represented by the parasympathetic nervous system, and the recently described non-neuronal cardiomyocyte cholinergic machinery. Previous evidence has shown that reduced cholinergic function leads to deleterious effects on the myocardium. Yet, whether conditions of increased cholinergic signaling can of...

The cholinergic system is a potent neuromodulatory system that plays critical roles in cortical plasticity, attention and learning. In this review, we propose that the cellular effects of acetylcholine (ACh) in the primary visual cortex during the processing of visual inputs might induce perceptual learning; i.e., long-term changes in visual perception. Specifically, the pairing of cholinergic ...