Chlorine is a common agent found worldwide in industrial and household applications. This element is found everywhere and anywhere around the globe. Because of its ubiquitous nature in the world, chlorine-injured patients may be expected at all medical facilities, from large-urban to small-community to austere-tent facilities. Chlorine has been used as a chemical weapon since 1915 and has been ...

A test system for water distribution was used to evaluate the stability and effectiveness of three residual disinfectants--free chlorine, combined chlorine, and chlorine dioxide--when challenged with a sewage contaminant. The test distribution system consisted of the street main and internal plumbing for two barracks at Fort George G. Meade, MD. To the existing pipe network, 152 m (500 ft) of 1...

Chlorine dioxide and iodine inactivated poliovirus more efficiently at pH 10.0 than at pH 6.0. Sedimentation analyses of viruses inactivated by chlorine dioxide and iodine at pH 10.9 showed that viral RNA separated from the capsids, resulting in the conversion of virions from 156S structures to 80S particles. The RNAs release from both chlorine dioxide- and iodine-inactivated viruses cosediment...

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an antimicrobial recognized for its disinfectant properties since the early 1900's (EPA, 2005). This compound effectively kills microorganisms including bacteria, viruses or fungi on inanimate objects, foods, and other surfaces (EPA, 2005). Chlorine dioxide can be generated in a gas or liquid form and smells like chlorine bleach (EPA, 2005). In 1967, the Environmental...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such as...

Although 2% glutaraldehyde is often the first-line agent for endoscopic disinfection, its adverse reactions are common among staff and it is less effective against certain mycobacteria and spore-bearing bacteria. Chlorine dioxide is a possible alternative and an automated washer-disinfector fitted with this agent is currently available. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ...

Environmental and patient isolates of Mycobacterium avium were resistant to chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. For chlorine, the product of the disinfectant concentration (in parts per million) and the time (in minutes) to 99.9% inactivation for five M. avium strains ranged from 51 to 204. Chlorine susceptibility of cells was the same in washed cultures containing aggregates...

Measurements of chlorine concentrations in matrix glasses from 18 primitive (s 6 wt% MgO) and eight evolved lavas from active spreading centers in the Lau Basin back-arc system provide insight into the processes which control chlorine concentrations in subduction-related magmas, and can be used to investigate chlorine enrichment related to fluids derived from the underlying subducted slab. Chlo...

This series of papers consisting of three communications describes the properties and applications of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with a special emphasis on its hyper-pure aqueous solution available commercially in Hungary under the trade name SOLUMIUM DENTAL since the end of 2008. This first part of the series discusses the history of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant, its properties and its fiel...