The tropical Indian Ocean has experienced a faster warming rate in the west than in the east over the twentieth century. The warming pattern resembles a positive IndianOcean dipole (IOD) that is well captured by climate models from phase 5 of the CoupledModel Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), forced with the two main anthropogenic forcings, long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs), and aerosols. Howev...

Interactions between the tropical oceans and atmosphere permit a spectrum of natural modes of oscillation whose properties—period, intensity, spatial structure, and direction of propagation—depend on the background climatic state (i.e., the mean state). This mean state can be described by parameters that include the following: the time-averaged intensity t of the Pacific trade winds, the mean d...

nowadays, in consideration of environmental issues and limitation of fossil fuels, there is a particular consideration of renewable energy including ocean energy, that can extracted going through various methods such as wave energy, tidal energy, salinity gradient, otec: ocean thermal energy conversion.herein this research, operation of otec method in southern caspian sea has been discussed. fo...

Low-frequency modulation and change under global warming of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode are investigated with a pair of multicentury integrations of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model: one under constant climate forcing and one forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In the unforced simulation, there is significant decadal and multidecadal modulation of the ...

The stratification of the equatorial thermocline is a key variable for tropical climate dynamics, through its influence on the temperature of the water that upwells in the eastern equatorial ocean. In this study, two types of ocean models are used, an ocean general circulation model (GCM) and a 11⁄2-layer model, to investigate processes by which changes in the midlatitude winds affect the equat...

It has recently been proposed, within the framework of the linear shallow-water equations, that tropical Pacific decadal variability (PDV) can be accounted for by basin modes with eigenperiods of 10 to 20 yr, amplifying a midlatitude wind forcing with an essentially white spectrum. Here the authors use a different formalism of linear equatorial wave theory. The Green’s function is computed for ...

The Atlantic Niño, an equatorial zonal mode akin to the Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), is phase-locked to boreal summer when the equatorial easterly winds intensify and the thermocline shoals in the Gulf of Guinea. A suite of satellite and in situ observations reveals a new mode of tropical Atlantic variability that displays many characteristics of the zonal mode but instead peaks...