A cactus graph is a connected graph in which every block is either an edge or a cycle. An optimal algorithm is presented here to find the maximum and the minimum height spanning trees on cactus graphs in O(n) time, where n is the total number of vertices of the graph. The cactus graph has many applications in real life problems, specially in radio communication system.

A cactus graph is a connected graph in which every block is either an edge or a cycle. In this paper we give a brief idea how to design some optimal algorithms on cactus graphs in O(n) time, where n is the total number of vertices of the graph. The cactus graph has many applications in real life problems, specially in radio communication system.

Synthetic branched-chain glycolipids have become of great interest in biomimicking research, since they provide a suitable alternative for natural glycolipids, which are difficult to extract from natural resources. Therefore, branched-chain glycolipids obtained by direct syntheses are of utmost interest. In this work, two new branched-chain glycolipids are presented, namely, 2-hexyldecyl β(α)-D...

1. Resolving the controversy over the prevalence of generalization in plant–pollinator interactions requires field studies characterizing the pollination effectiveness of all a plant’s floral visitors. Herein, the pollination effectiveness of all visitors to two species of barrel cactus ( Ferocactus ) was quantified. 2. Flowers of both species were pollinated almost exclusively by cactus-specia...

Rel-family transcription factors function in a variety of biological processes, including development and immunity. During early Drosophila development, the Toll-Cactus-Dorsal pathway regulates the establishment of the embryonic dorsoventral axis. The last step in this pathway is the graded nuclear import of the Rel protein Dorsal. Dorsal is retained in the cytoplasm by the IkappaB-family prote...

Sexual selection is often assumed to be strong and consistent, yet increasing research shows it can fluctuate over space and time. Few experimental studies have examined changes in sexual selection in response to natural environmental variation. Here, we use a difference in resource quality to test for the influence of past environmental conditions and current environmental conditions on male a...

In Drosophila, dorsal-ventral polarity is determined by a maternally encoded signal transduction pathway that culminates in the graded nuclear localization of the Rel protein, Dorsal. Dorsal is retained in the cytoplasm by the IkappaB protein, Cactus. Signal-dependent phosphorylation of Cactus results in the degradation of Cactus and the nuclear targeting of Dorsal. We present an in-depth study...

NF-kB signaling has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease, epilepsy, and neuronal plasticity. However, the cellular and molecular activity of NF-kB signaling within the nervous system remains to be clearly defined. Here, we show that the NF-kB and IkB homologs Dorsal and Cactus surround postsynaptic glutamate receptor (GluR) clusters at the Drosophila NMJ. We then show that mutations in ...

This paper presents a review of cactus-pear juice production. Its technological characteristics are considered, as well as the main difficulties in obtaining high-quality juice. Acidity, pigments, aroma, and other components play an important role in the cactus pear juice processing. Betalain and chlorophyll are present in purple and green cactus pear juices, and heat treatment of the juices af...

A cactus is a simple data structure that represents all minimum cuts of a weighted, undi-rected graph in linear space. We describe the rst algorithm that can build a cactus from the asymptotically fastest deterministic algorithm that nds all minimum cuts in a weighted graph | the Hao-Orlin minimum cut algorithm. This improves the time to construct the cactus in graphs with n vertices and m edge...