low glucose condition induces neuronal cell-death via intracellular mechanisms including mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) signaling pathways. it has been shown that low glucose medium decreases neuronal survival in cerebellar granule neurons (cgns). in this study, we have examined the activation of jnk, p38kinase and erk1/2 pathways in low glucose medium in cgns. the cgns were prepared ...

BACKGROUND Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the indicator of overall kidney function, and therefore, its assessment has become an important clinical tool in the daily care of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) patients. Currently, practical guidelines recommend using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations to assess GFR in CKD patients. METHODS A cros...

Increased global use of highly productive breeds of farm animals has been coupled to loss of genetic diversity in most species. In European countries, various governmental, non-governmental, and private organizations try to preserve genetic diversity of livestock in situ (e.g., by stimulating the use of indigenous, rare breeds by farmers; in nature reserves; or in noncommercial farms). In the c...

Introduction: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a late of chronic kidney (CKD) requiring dialysis or transplant to survive. growing problem worldwide. In Bhutan too, there are anecdotal evidence showing increasing number ESRD patients every year, which has become cause serious concern for the country. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted at National Referral Hospital Bhut...

Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight sulphated polysaccharide derived from red seaweeds. In rodents, its degraded forms (dCGN) can induce intestinal inflammation associated with macrophage recruitment and activation. The aim of this study was: 1) to analyze the size-dependent effects of dCGN on colon inflammation in vivo, and 2) to correlate these effects with monocyte/macrophage prolif...

A 21-year-old woman was found to have had hematuria and proteinuria for 5 years. After she was referred to our hospital, her laboratory findings showed urinary red blood cells (RBCs)>100/high-powered field without any dysmorphic RBCs and proteinuria (0.66 g/g-creatinine) without renal dysfunction. Furthermore, increased brightness at her renal cortex was confirmed on abdominal ultrasonography. ...

In most bacteria, two tRNAs decode the four arginine CGN codons. One tRNA harboring a wobble inosine (tRNA(Arg)ICG) reads the CGU, CGC and CGA codons, whereas a second tRNA harboring a wobble cytidine (tRNA(Arg)CCG) reads the remaining CGG codon. The reduced genomes of Mycoplasmas and other Mollicutes lack the gene encoding tRNA(Arg)CCG. This raises the question of how these organisms decode CG...

Abstract Background and Aims The pathogenesis of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) minimal change disease (MCD) remains unknown to date. Some circulating permeability factors are discussed. This work assessed molecule candidates for in serum samples patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Method Forty-one chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) were included our study. Seventeen had FSG...

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) frequently contributes to peritoneal damage which cannot be easily identified without invasive techniques, implying the urgent need for biomarkers and revealing mechanisms. Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is one of the leading causes of receiving dialysis treatment. Here, we attempted to analyze the peritoneal dialysate collected from CGN patients when they receive con...