The desire to win leads physically active individuals to look for anything to improve performance. Many ergogenic aids are available; however, claims made about many of these products are not appropriate. To evaluate such products, one must consider the physiological sense of the claims, the supportive evidence provided, the research articles quoted, and the legal and health implications of use.

It is well known that carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation can improve performance in endurance exercises through several mechanisms such as maintenance of glycemia and sparing endogenous glycogen as well as the possibility of a central nervous-system action. Some studies have emerged in recent years in order to test the hypothesis of ergogenic action via central nervous system. Recent studies ha...

I have a large amount of course work, which is combined with a job and extra-curriculars, and while I want to succeed in all of them, I find that I simply don't have enough time, even though I currently sleep only 4 or 5 hours a night. I mentioned this to a group of my friends here at school, and it turns out they all take stimulants to help them manage jam-packed undergraduate life. The pills ...

Besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like ATP, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. Its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. In this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. It also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mecha...

Listeriosis is one of the CNS inflammatory diseases which is happened majority in the form of sporadic. Listeriosis is ingested with the food. Infection occurrence in an exposed person depends on the number of organisms ingested, the virulence of the organisms strain and the individual condition. It is known that Listeriosis has decisive importance as an infection which the cellular immunodefen...

0

cell replacement therapy has provided the basis for future clinical applications to treat central nervous system injuries fallowing by car accidents. induced functional neurons are an option for replacing the lost neurons. the ability to monitor changes in membrane potential is a useful tool for studying neuronal function, but there are only limited options available at present. here, investiga...

background: many studies have been done in order to interpret correctly the results of ethanol analysis and its related problems. unfortunately, it was not easy to determine bac rate, due to postmortem different conditions or personal and clinical differences in metabolism and excretion of ethanol. the time between death and autopsy, the environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) are i...