Fleas can transmit Yersinia pestis by two mechanisms, early-phase transmission (EPT) and biofilm-dependent transmission (BDT). Transmission efficiency varies among flea species and the results from different studies have not always been consistent. One complicating variable is the species of rodent blood used for the infectious blood meal. To gain insight into the mechanism of EPT and the effec...

1. Spellberg B. Dr. William H. Stewart: mistaken or maligned? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:294. 2. The Office of the Public Health Service Historian. Frequently asked questions. 7 December 2004. Available at: http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/ apdb/phsHistory/faqs.html. Accessed 2 September 2008. 3. Burnet FM. Viruses. Sci Am 1951; 184:43–51 4. Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler L, eds. Immunology, infection and ...

Kim, Mi-Kyung. 2003. A Centering Dynamics Approach to Zero Pronouns in Korean. Discourse and Cognition 10.3, 57-73. This study examines 249 utterances from a corpus of newspaper articles, focusing on the distribution of zero subjects and zero objects. Two kinds of approach, centering theory in Grosz et al. (1995) and centering dynamics in Kameyama (1996, 1998), are compared to find out which ap...

level 3 studies, which meet none of the evidence criteria for that study type or are derived from expert opinion, commentary, or consensus. Study types and criteria are defined at http://smartmedicine.acponline.org/criteria.html Disclaimer: The information included herein should never be used as a substitute for clinical judgement and does not represent an official position of the American Coll...

level 3 studies, which meet none of the evidence criteria for that study type or are derived from expert opinion, commentary, or consensus. Study types and criteria are defined at http://smartmedicine.acponline.org/criteria.html Disclaimer: The information included herein should never be used as a substitute for clinical judgement and does not represent an official position of the American Coll...

1 Overview To provide context for the discussions of centering that appear in this volume, we review our previous research on global focusing and centering and discuss central unsolved problems in the theory of centering. This paper does not provide a comprehensive review of work on centering, as this volume in its entirety serves that purpose. Rather we present our view of the history of cente...

As part of the restructuring of the electricity industry in many states, public benefits funding has emerged as a primary mechanism for supporting social benefits such as energy efficiency and research and development (RD). In California, a Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program was established to "conduct public interest energy research that seeks to improve the quality of life for Cal...

I propose that tense and mood paradigms are grammatical centering systems. Specifically, English tenses form a temporal centering system, which monitors and updates topic times, whereas Kalaallisut moods form a modal centering system, which monitors and updates modal discourse referents. Nevertheless, English and Kalaallisut translation equivalents converge on the same truth conditions, due to ...

This paper presents the use of genetic programming (GP) as a tool to predict pier scour depths based on clear-water conditions of laboratory measurements by past researchers. Four main dimensionless parameterspier width, approaching flow depth, threshold flow velocity, and channel open-ratio are considered for predicting the scour depth. The performance of the GP equation is verified by compa...