Guido Calabresi’s book, THE COSTS OF ACCIDENTS, gives two contrasting examples which together prove that efficient decisions about car safety devices must be guided by individual costs. Part I of this essay reviews Calabresi’s demonstration that, if charged accurate insurance costs, Taney would invest in improved brakes and Marshall would not. To show why this demonstration fails to inform deba...

Brownian motion is used to model the uncertainty in the motion of cars on a highway. The probability of collision of two adjacent cars within a xed horizon is calculated and its implications are discussed. Moreover, the probability of collision in the presence of emergency braking is also obtained by modeling the occurrence of emergency braking as a Poisson process.

We investigate the effect of the jamming transition on short-range correlation functions in the Nagel–Schreckenberg cellular automaton model of single-lane traffic. At high densities the structure of the time-dependent correlation functions is double peaked. One peak corresponds to moving cars, the other to blocked cars. The emergence of the latter peak as well as the occurrence of short-range ...

We propose a bridge between the theory of exactly solvable models and the investigation of traffic flow. By choosing the activities in an apropriate way the dimer configurations of the Kasteleyn model on a hexagonal lattice can be interpreted as space-time trajectories of cars. This then allows for a calculation of the flow-density relationship (fundamental diagram). We further introduce a clos...

We show that Raman line-shapes can be extracted directly from congested coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra, by using a numerical method to retrieve the phase-information hidden in measured CARS spectra. The proposed method utilizes the maximum entropy (ME) model to fit the CARS spectra and to further extract the imaginary part of the Raman susceptibility providing the Raman li...

A two{dimensional cellular automaton is introduced to model the ow and jamming of vehicular traac in cities. Each site of the automaton represents a crossing where a nite number of cars can wait approaching the crossing from each of the four directions. The ow of cars obeys realistic traac rules. We investigate the dependence of the average velocity of cars on the global traac density. At a cri...

In modern society due to high traffic accidents, high time rates the feeling of insecurity and threat is increasing. Records in the database show that the number of new cars being bought and so is the cars being stolen locally and internationally has increased rapidly. This model focuses on two key points. First is car safety. The methods considered in this model are different from the conventi...

Diffusion of alternative powertrain concepts in heavy commercial vehicles will start in the upcoming years after electrification and natural gas engines have already been introduced for passenger cars. Numerous quantitative forecasting and technology diffusion models exist for passenger cars but cannot be transferred unchanged to heavy commercial vehicles. A system dynamics model for the diffus...

Rich contextual information is typically available in many recommendation domains allowing recommender systems to model the subtle effects of context on preferences. Most contextual models assume that the context shares the same latent space with the users and items. In this work we propose CARS, a novel approach for learning context-aware representations for context-aware recommendations. We s...