Distinguishing the historical effects of gene migration and vicariance on contemporary genetic structure is problematic without testable biogeographic hypotheses based on preexisting geological and environmental evidence. The availability of such hypotheses for North America's Sonoran Desert has contributed to our understanding of the effect of historical vicariance and dispersal events on the ...

We denote by Conc A the semilattice of all compact congruences of an algebra A. Given a variety V of algebras, we denote by Conc V the class of all semilattices isomorphic to Conc A for some A ∈ V. Given V1 and V2 varieties of algebras, the critical point of V1 under V2 is defined as crit(V1;V2) = min{cardD | D ∈ Conc V1 − Conc V2}. Given a finitely generated variety V of modular lattices, we o...

Bioluminescent bays and lagoons are unique natural environments and popular tourist attractions. However, the bioluminescence in many of these water bodies has declined, principally due to anthropogenic activities. In the Caribbean, the bioluminescence in these bays and lagoons is mostly produced by the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense. Laguna Grande is one of the three year-r...

rule ClassWithOperationsContributingClass merge c : Core!EClass with s : ObserverPattern!EClass into t : Target!EClass { for (sop in s.eOperations) { var op : new Target!EOperation; op.name := sop.name; t.eOperations.add(op); for (sopp in sop.eParameters) { var p : new Target!EParameter; p.name := sopp.name; p.eType ::= sopp.eType; op.eParameters.add(p); } } } auto rule ClassWithObserver merge ...

Analyses of individuals classically treated as Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. oxycedrus from Morocco, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece and Turkey, using DNA sequencing of nrDNA (ITS 1, 5.8S, ITS 2) plus RAPDs, leaf terpenoids and morphology revealed that two cryptic, genetically distinct but morphologically almost identical species are present. These species, J. oxycedrus L. var. oxycedrus a...

Leptogium (Ach.) Gray is a cosmopolitan genus of lichen-forming ascomycetes classified in the Collemataceae and represented by c. 250 species with about 40 infrageneric taxa found in Europe (Aragón & al., 2005). Several complexes have been studied within this morphologically and anatomically heterogeneous genus by different authors (Jørgensen, 1975, 1994, 1997; Jørgensen & James, 1983; Jørgense...

Simple and easy uncertainty estimation method is proposed. Provided that specification or simple experimental result is available, possible variance and covariance in error are estimated and Monte-Carlo simulation reflecting constraint caused by the covariance can be performed. Comparison between uncertainties obtained by the proposed method and that by actual measurements on real CMM shows goo...

The cultivation of single cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. "Samsun" and Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. "Early Golden Cluster" on a thin agar layer in Petri dishes is described. Under these conditions about 20 per cent of the cells divided repeatedly and established tissue clones which could be isolated and maintained as growing tissue cultures. It was possible also to follow the successive divisi...

Bromus setifolius var. pictus (Hook) Skottsb., B. setifolius var. setifolius Presl. and B.setifolius var. brevifolius Ness are three native Patagonian taxa in the section Pnigma Dumort of the genus Bromus L. AFLP and RAPD analysis, in conjunction with genetic distance measurements and statistical techniques, revealed variation within this group and indicated that B. setifolius var. brevifolius ...