OBJECTIVES To evaluate usefulness and morbidity of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) using a decreasing pattern in patients with bladder voiding dysfunction (BVD) of varied etiology. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of patients with BVD in whom CIC was indicated. We evaluated the clinical presentation, post-void residual urine (PVR), results of the urodynamic studies (UDS), a...

Previous studies revealed that people with binocular vision disorders have poor postural stability. However, most of the research was performed only on children and under binocular viewing condition, that could negatively affect the results. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of extra-ocular proprioceptive signals on postural stability in young adults with binocular v...

Introduction Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) virus and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus are two of the major viral pathogens responsible for respiratory disease in cattle. These viral agents can be associated with pathology in the respiratory, immunologic, neurologic, hematologic, lymphatic, and reproductive organ systems (Grooms et al., 1998). Infections of cattle with BVD virus and/o...

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle and it occurs worldwide. The biology of this virus is complex because it is associated with many diverse clinical manifestations, ranging from mild acute infections to fatal mucosal disease. BVDV can infect cattle at all ages including the fetus (1-3). Serological evidence shows that BVDV is a common infectious a...

A mandatory objective of any control programme aiming at eradicating BVD from an infected bovine population is the removal of animals persistently infected (PI) with BVDV. In practice this will require a selection of reliable diagnostic assays. Approaches on how to identify PI animals can be indirect, by first identifying herds with a high probability of containing PI animals through diagnostic...

BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an infectious disease of cattle with a worldwide distribution. Herd-level prevalence varies among European Union (EU) member states, and prevalence information facilitates decision-making and monitoring of progress in control and eradication programmes. The primary objective of the present study was to address significant knowledge gaps regarding herd ...

BACKGROUND This study focused on the descriptive analysis of cattle movements and farm-level parameters derived from cattle movements, which are considered to be generically suitable for risk-based surveillance systems in Switzerland for diseases where animal movements constitute an important risk pathway. METHODS A framework was developed to select farms for surveillance based on a risk scor...