Protecting privacy in gradient-based learning has become increasingly critical as more sensitive information is being used. Many existing solutions seek to protect the gradients by constraining overall cost within a constant budget, where protection hand-designed and empirically calibrated boost utility of resulting model. However, it remains challenging choose proper adapted for specific const...

A soft budget constraint arises when a government is unable to commit to not 'bailout' a public hospital if the public hospital exhausts its budget before the end of the budget period. It is shown that if the political costs of a 'bailout' are relatively small, then the public hospital exhausts the welfare-maximising budget before the end of the budget period and a 'bailout' occurs. In anticipa...

This paper aims to examine the major financial flows between non-financial enterprises outside the budget sector and other sectors of the Bulgarian economy, in particular the financial sector and the government budget, as well as the financial flows within the enterprise sector itself during the crisis period in 1996–97. In doing so, we shall answer the question of whether or not the real secto...

Budget constraints are commonly considered in real decision frameworks; however, the literature has rarely addressed the design of contracts for supply chains with budget-constrained members and in which capital costs are considered. In this article, we study supply chain coordination of budget-constrained members when a financial market is unavailable. We propose a revenue-sharing-and-buy-back...

We consider both discrete and continuous control problems constrained by a fixed budget of some resource, which may be renewed upon entering a preferred subset of the state space. In the discrete case, we consider deterministic shortest path problems on graphs with a full budget reset in all preferred nodes. In the continuous case, we derive augmented PDEs of optimal control, which are then sol...

Although the theory of soft budget constraints is widely presented in literature, little known about factors public hospitals Poland. This study relevant because many Polish struggle with serious debt problems. The aims to systematise regulatory and legal provision restrictions activities healthcare institutions, particularly Poland, assess impact these on their further functioning. An analysis...

This paper revisits the widely known and used concept of soft budget constraints in party-states introduced by Kornai (1980), from the point of view of a comparative analytical model (Csanádi, 2003). It embeds budget constraints in the structure of power relations described by the model as the interactive structure of interrelations between party-, stateand economic decision-makers on the level...