For multicomponent vesicles, the line tension of domain boundaries and the component-dependent elastic properties (e.g., spontaneous curvatures) are the two most important factors that mediate the budding behaviors of these vesicles. This paper especially focuses on their effects on the budding types and the budding number of a two-component vesicle. We found that the budding number is mainly d...

abstract persian walnut is one of the most important nut crops in iran. now the majority of orchards are seedling with a great diversity. for establishing uniform orchards and increasing the quantity and quality of yield, patch budding as the most suitable propagation methods, have still technical and practical problems in the country. in spite of high percent of primary success in patch buddin...

in order to study of nitrogen application time and seed inoculation with plant growth promotingrhizobacteria on yield, fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate of sunflower, a factorial experimentwas conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm ofislamic azad university, ardabil branch in 2011. the first factor was time of nitrogen applica...

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on growth, yield and macro-elements absorption of fennel in split-plot as base on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in Tehran, Iran. Irrigation regime as main plot was undergone in 5 levels that included: I1: full irrigation, I2: cut off irrigation at stem elo...

How does a virus bud from the plasma membrane of its host? Here we investigate several possible rate-limiting processes, including thermal fluctuations of the plasma membrane, hydrodynamic interactions, and diffusion of the glycoprotein spikes. We find that for bending moduli greater than 3 x 10(-13) ergs, membrane thermal fluctuations are insufficient to wrap the viral capsid, and the mechanic...

As a major actor of cellular trafficking, COPI coat proteins assemble on membranes and locally bend them to bud 60 nm-size coated particles. Budding requires the energy of the coat assembly to overcome the one necessary to deform the membrane which primarily depends on the bending modulus and surface tension, γ. Using a COPI-induced oil nanodroplet formation approach, we modulated the budding o...

This study examines the mechanism utilized by different MARCH proteins to restrict retrovirus infection. block incorporation of envelope glycoproteins budding virions.