Mechanochemistry meansmechanical breakage of intramolecular bonds by external force and must be differentiated from molecular solid-state chemistry, where contacts between micronized molecular solids are created by the mechanical action for mutual approach of the reacting centers. After an outline of the mechanistic differences, the varied mechanochemistry is discussed. Grinding, milling, shear...

This article reviews possible mechanisms of various crack forms and their likely correlations with interior crystal lamellae and discontinuous interfaces in spherulites. Complex yet periodically repetitive patterns of cracks in spherulites are beyond attributions via differences in thermal expansion coefficients, which would cause random and irregular cracks in the contract direction only. Crac...

Fast dissolving drug delivery is the new approach to administer drugs; mouth dissolving film is one of them. The object of the present research work was to formulate a mouth dissolving film of Zolpidem tartrate from polymers Hydroxypropyl cellulose (EF-P) with a combination of Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K-15 by solvent casting method for enhancing the drug release rate and absorption to inc...

A new class of molecular actuators where bulk actuation mechanisms such as ion intercalation are enhanced by controllable single molecule conformational rearrangements offers great promise to exhibit large active strains at moderate stresses. Initial activation of poly(quarterthiophene) based molecular muscles, for example, show active strains in the order of 20%. Molecular rearrangements in th...

The introduction of rubbery particles can be applied to enhance shear yielding and, consequently, the toughness of brittle amorphous polymers. The critical transition in these polymers from crazing to shear yielding requires a submicrometeror even nanometer-sized rubbery phase. These can be obtained via coalescence suppression in processes involving chemically induced phase separation but are a...

Photo-initiated polymer networks were formed by copolymerization of tert-butyl acrylate with di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) or poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). The degree of crosslinking was systematically varied by modifying the weight fraction and molecular weight of the dimethacrylate crosslinking agent. An increase in effective crosslink density with increasing cr...

In this work, additional input is provided into the ongoing discussion on the mechanisms, causes and remedies of brittle fracture failures of composite (non-ceramic) insulators. This has been done partially to complement the recently published article on this topic entitled “ IEEE Task Force Report: Brittle Fracture in Non-Ceramic Insulators” [1]. At first, the most important characteristics of...

Background: Anti-angiogenic therapy is a crucial step in cancer treatment. The discovery of new anti-angiogenic compounds from marine organisms has become an attractive concept in anti-cancer therapy. Because little data correlated to the pro- and anti-angiogenic efficacies of Ophiuroidea, which include brittle star, the current study was designed to explore the anti-angiogenic potential of bri...

BACKGROUND Previous authors have claimed that dehydration of the nail plate causes brittle nails. Some experts claim that normal nails contain 18% water, and brittle nails contain less than 16%. OBJECTIVE We sought to test the hypothesis that brittle nails contain 2% less water than normal nails. We also examined the relationship between a number of health and behavioral variables and brittle...

This paper presents an investigation of the mechanism of the brittle–ductile cutting mode transition from the perspective of the mechanics. A mechanistic model is proposed to analyze the relationship between undeformed chip thickness, deformation, and stress levels in the elastic stage of the periodic chip formation process, regarding whether brittle or ductile mode deformation is to follow the...