Objective: In this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as DNA replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the DNA. Result...

Objective: In this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as DNA replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the DNA. Result...

Abstract This paper attempts to re-investigate the catching-up (stochastic convergence) hypothesis among the selected 16 OECD countries applying the time series approach of convergence hypothesis with annual data over one century. To reach this aim, we propose a model which specifies a trend function, incorporating both types of structural breaks – that is, sharp breaks and smooth shifts usin...

We develop methods to obtain optimal forecast under long memory in the presence of a discrete structural break based on different weighting schemes for observations. observe significant changes forecasts when long-range dependence is taken into account. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we confirm that our substantially improve forecasting performance memory. further present an empirical applicati...

We provide an approach to forecasting the long-run (unconditional) distribution of equity returns making optimal use of historical data in the presence of structural breaks. Our focus is on learning about breaks in real time and assessing their impact on out-of-sample density forecasts. Forecasts use a probabilityweighted average of submodels, each of which is estimated over a different history...

Participants in human computation workflows may become fatigued or get bored over long, interminable working hours. This leads to a slump of motivation and morale, which in the long run causes reductions in both productivity and work quality. In this paper we propose an initial investigation into possible ways to alleviate worker fatigue and boredom by employing micro-breaks that provide timely...

purpose : the aim of this study was to compare the rate and location of intraoperatively induced retinal breaks between two techniques of standard 20-gauge vitrectomy and transconjunctival 23-gauge using trocar/cannula methods : in this prospective comparative case series patients having attached retina before surgery who were operated for different vitreoretinal or macular conditions by standa...