seizure may occur after mild traumatic brain injury (tbi), and the severity of tbi can be considered the most crucial factor for an increased risk of recurring seizures as well as for the development of posttraumatic epilepsy. however, the effect of seizures in epileptogenesis after mild tbi cannot yet be accurately confirmed. this study was designed to determine whether mild tbi increases seiz...

Traumatic brain injury is a serious global health problem with irreversible high morbidity and disability and Because of its unknown pathophysiological mechanisms, efficient therapeutic approaches to improve the poor outcome and long-term impairment of behavioral function are still remains lacking. The microglial cells are the resident macrophage cells of the brain and have M1/M2 phenotype, for...

Brain injury is a damage to the brain, not congenital or degenerative, but caused by an attack physical impact from outside. Traumatic brain (TBI) that occurs when force transmitted head body causes neuropathological and dysfunction. TBI one of most common injuries worldwide. This disorder affects 2% world's population each year leading cause death serious disability in children young adults. G...

traumatic brain injury (tbi) is a significant public health concern in our country, because of placing in top three most common causes of death and substantial direct and indirect costs to society. the incidence of tbi in our country is 1.7 times of international incidence. traumatic brain injury induced by primary and secondary mechanisms that give rise to death and neurologic morbidity in pat...

Disruptions in sleep-wake cycles are particularly prevalent after a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Sleep disruptions may occur as main impact of brain damage or result other neuropsychiatric sequelae TBI, such anxiety disorder, depressive disorders, substance abuse, chronic pain, and/or medication consumption. Chronic discomfort (headache and broad presumably central origin) sleep difficulties (...

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a disturbance in functioning caused by an external force. The development of post traumatic epilepsy (PTE) serious risk associated with TBI. Indeed, other neurological impairments are also common following In this review, we analyze and discuss the most widely used best validated rodent models TBI, particular focus on their contribution to understandin...

it has been estimated that more than 1.7 million individuals suffer a traumatic brain injury (tbi) each year. tbi causes secondary biochemical and metabolic changes which contribute to subsequent tissue damage and associated neuronal cell death. two early and delayed events occur after tbi, which results in neurological deficits. primary injury events include the mechanical damage that occur at...

estrogen (e2) has neuroprotective effects on blood-brain-barrier (bbb) after traumatic brain injury (tbi). in order to investigate the roles of estrogen receptors (ers) in these kind of effects, er-α antagonist (mpp) and, er-β antagonist (phtpp), or non-selective estrogen receptors antagonist (ici 182780) were administered as regulators of cns cytokines levels and neuroinflammation after tbi. m...

traumatic brain injury (tbi) is described by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma, which can potentially cause severe physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment. the use of human stem cells and self-assembling peptide scaffolds suggest huge potential for application in the treatment of tbi. in the present study, we surveyed the beneficial effec...