Introduction: Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare inflammatory disease of the central nervous system which generally affecting the spinal cord and optic nerve. Damage to the optic nerve can result in the patient's dim vision or even blindness, while the spinal cord damage may lead to sensory and motor paralysis and the weakness of the lower limbs in the patient. Magnetic Reson...

background: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive loss of cognitive abilities and memory loss. the aim of this study was to compare neuropathological changes in hippocampus and brain cortex in a rat model of ad. methods: adult male albino wistar rats (weighing 250-300 g) were used for behavioral and histopathological studies. the rats were randomly assigned t...

cortical spreading depression (csd) has been suggested to underlie some neurological disorders such as migraine. despite the intensity with which many investigators have studied sd in the brain, only a few studies have aimed to identify sd in the spinal cord. here we described the main characteristic features of sd in the spinal cord induced by different methods including various spinal cord in...

Previous studies have evidenced how the local prediction of physical stimulus features may affect neural processing incoming stimuli. Less known are effects cognitive priors on predictive processes, and brain computes versus predictions their errors. Here, we determined differential mechanisms underlying errors related to high-level, for melody (rhythm, contour) low-level, acoustic (tuning, tim...

the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis is a critical adaptive system that maximizes survival potential in the face of physical or psychological challenge. the principal end products of the hpa axis, glucocorticoid hormones, act on multiple organ systems, including the brain, to maintain homeostatic balance. the brain is a target of stress, and the hippocampus is the first brain reg...

this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soy milk on serum 17- β estradiol level and number of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as determination of the ratio of neurons in cortical and hippocampal regions in neonatal ovariectomized rats. thirty female rats (one day old) were divided into six groups of five. at day 7, ovariectomy surgery was performed in four groups a...