objective(s) the brief interruption of cerebral blood flow causes permanent brain damage and behavioral dysfunction. the hippocampus is highly vulnerable to ischemic insults, particularly the ca1 pyramidal cell layer. there is no effective pharmacological strategy for improving brain tissue damage induced by cerebral ischemia. previous studies reported that pentoxifylline (ptx) has a neuroprote...

The evolved function of brain, cognitive, and behavioral systems is to allow organisms to attempt to gain control of the social, biological, and physical resources that have covaried with survival and reproductive options during the species’ evolutionary history. The information generated by these resources ranges from stable (e.g., prototypical shape of human face) to unpredictable (e.g., chan...

brain stimulation techniques are important in both basic and clinical studies. majority of well-known brain stimulating techniques have low spatial resolution or entail invasive processes. low intensity focused ultrasound (lifu) seems to be a proper candidate for dealing with such deficiencies. this review recapitulates studies which explored the effects of lifu on brain structures and its func...

cognitive rehabilitation is a group of designed techniques that is for the promotion of cognitive domains in people with disease or disability. cognitive rehabilitation therapy (crt) is the science of restoring cognitive processing and learning compensatory strategies and it affects the molecular and cellular recovery rehabilitation by integration of behavioral and cognitive changes. the promot...

aim and background: the role of behavioral inhibition and activation systems as predisposing factors in readiness for emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents has been increasingly studied in recent years. the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these two systems in predicting the development of psychopathology in adolescents. methods and materials: the study population...

Lack of physical engagement, productivity, and initiative-so-called "behavioral apathy"--is a common problem with significant impact, both personal and economic. Here, we investigate whether there might be a biological basis to such lack of motivation using a new effort and reward-based decision-making paradigm, combined with functional and diffusion-weighted imaging. We hypothesized that behav...

the brain – computer interface (bci) provides a communicational channel between human and machine. most of these systems are based on brain activities. brain computer-interfacing is a methodology that provides a way for communication with the outside environment using the brain thoughts. the success of this methodology depends on the selection of methods to process the brain signals in each pha...