Shell must cease drilling well before the water freezes over lest a late-season blowout cause oil to accumulate under the ice through the winter.

The Whitehead Minimization problem is a problem of finding elements of the minimal length in the automorphic orbit of a given element of a free group. The classical algorithm of Whitehead that solves the problem depends exponentially on the group rank. Moreover, it can be easily shown that exponential blowout occurs when a word of minimal length has been reached and, therefore, is inevitable ex...

It is shown that bright cluster dwarf ellipticals follow a relation between metallicity and apparent flattening. Rounder dwarfs tend to be more metal-rich. The evidence is based on colour as well as spectroscopic line-strength data from the literature. The large scatter of dEs around the mean metallicity-luminosity relation, usually ascribed to large observational errors, turns out to be an ell...

BACKGROUND The mechanism of injury and the underlying biomechanics of orbital blowout fractures remain controversial. The "hydraulic" theory proposes that a generalized increased orbital content pressure results in direct compression and fracturing of the thin orbital bone. OBJECTIVE To examine the pure hydraulic mechanism of injury by eliminating the factor of globe-to-wall contact and its p...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Carotid blowout is a serious late complication of prior treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. We evaluate the efficacy of CTA in the diagnosis of impending carotid blowout syndrome in patients with head and neck cancer, and its capability to predict clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical data of 29 patients with impending carotid blowout who underwen...

Background Oculorrhea, or cerebrospinal fluid leakage developing from a cranio-orbital fistula, is a rare development following traumatic injury. Case Report A 22-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident developed a blowout fracture of the left orbital roof penetrating the frontal lobe, inducing oculorrhea. He underwent a supraorbital craniotomy for removal of the bony fragment and sku...

BACKGROUND The orbital blowout fracture is a common facial injury, but full consensus has not been reached regarding its optimal management. The authors retrospectively explored consecutive cases of blowout fractures and proposed new recommendations for treatment. METHODS Two hundred eight newly registered patients were selected from the database of Nagasaki University Hospital over the past ...

A 77-year-old woman was found on the street, next to her bike. She appeared to be unconscious, suffering from head injury and had no detectable pulse. Chest compressions were initiated by bystanders until the ambulance arrived. Pulse-less electrical activity (PEA) was observed and a mechanical chest compression device (LUCAS: Lund University Cardiopulmonary Assist System, Jolife, Sweden, Fig. 1...

PURPOSE To review our institution's recent experience with patients with carotid blowout syndrome who were referred for emergency diagnostic angiography and endovascular therapy. METHODS Eighteen consecutive patients who had had surgery for cancer of the head and neck and in whom carotid blowout syndrome had occurred were referred to our service in accordance with a standardized protocol. R...

BACKGROUND High-resolution endoscopes and the advent of endoscopic instruments for sinus surgery provide surgeons with excellent endonasal visualization and access to the orbital walls. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate repair of orbital floor blowout fractures through an intranasal endoscopic approach that allows repair of the orbital floor fracture and elevation of the orbital content using a balloo...