The high sensitivity of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) for detecting light elements at the nanoscale in the analytical electron microscope makes it a valuable technique for applications to biological materials [1]. In particular, EELS provides quantitative information about elemental distributions within subcellular compartments, and the number of specific atoms that are bound to indi...

The occurrence of zinc in biological materials is no longer a matter of conjecture. The presence of zinc in all plants and lower animals so far studied, as well as its occurrence not only in the whole body of the higher animals but in the individual tissues such as liver, kidney, muscle, etc., has been established beyond doubt. In 1926, Lutz (1) reviewed very completely our knowledge concerning...

Digital image correlation has become a common method for determining mechanical properties of rigid engineering materials. By comparing digital images of the material before and after deformation, strain and displacement response can be determined. In the current work, we expand this method for use on soft biological materials, in particular skin. Specifically, we show that digital image correl...

The polarization of laser light backscattered from biological samples has been measured over the wavelength range 350 to 850nm. Incident circular, linearly polarized, and unpolarized light produces significant spectral features in the case of samples containing chlorophyll such as leaves and cyanobacteria. Polarization scattering signatures are observed around the chlorophyll ‘red edge’ that ma...

Biological materials, such as isolated protein networks, tissues and living cells are extremely heterogeneous and contain structures on length scales from nanometers to hundreds of microns. Their complex geometries and sensitivity to environmental conditions make traditional measurements of structure and mechanics difficult, challenging experimenters to develop new techniques. In this work, we ...

The n o n l i n e a r i t y p a r a m e t e r B / A h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d f o r t i s s u e mode l s ( a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s o f b i o l o g i c a l m a c r o m o l e c u l e s ) a n d f o r e x c i s e d t i s s u e s f r o m measuremen t s o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r e s s u r e a m p l i t u d e , a t t h e s o u r c e , and t h e s e c o n d ha rmon ic p r e s ...

Incident to a study of hemoglobin regeneration in the chronic, hemorrhagic anemia of dogs in this laboratory, the analysis for iron in biological materials became necessary. The difficulty experienced in such iron estimations has been reported by many authors. The variable and contradictory observations in the older literature and the multiplicity of complicated methods advocated for iron analy...

The occurrence of zinc in biological materials is no longer a matter of conjecture. The presence of zinc in all plants and lower animals so far studied, as well as its occurrence not only in the whole body of the higher animals but in the individual tissues such as liver, kidney, muscle, etc., has been established beyond doubt. In 1926, Lutz (1) reviewed very completely our knowledge concerning...