Electron crystallography is used to study membrane proteins in the form of planar, two-dimensional (2D) crystals, or other crystalline arrays such as tubular crystals. This method has been used to determine the atomic resolution structures of bacteriorhodopsin, tubulin, aquaporins, and several other membrane proteins. In addition, a large number of membrane protein structures were studied at a ...

Achieving the highest possible resolution using scanning-electron-beam lithography (SEBL) has become an increasingly urgent problem in recent years, as advances in various nanotechnology applications have driven demand for feature sizes well into the sub-10-nm domain. While SEBL has the highest resolution of nearly any conventional patterning technique available, reliably defining features at t...

The buckling behavior of graphene on soft films has been extensively studied. However, to avoid fracture, most studies focus only the primary induced by tiny compression. Here, monolayer, three-layer, and four-layer is systematically studied in experiment under large cross-sections patterns these few-layer graphenes are provided, which depend focused ion beam (FIB) technology. More significantl...

While the surface tension of a cell membrane, or a plasma membrane, regulates cell functions, little is known about its effect on the conformational changes of the lipid bilayer and hence the resulting changes in the cell membrane. To obtain some insights into the phase transition of the lipid bilayer as a function of surface tension, we used a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)...

Many drugs are amphiphiles that, in addition to binding to a particular target protein, adsorb to cell membrane lipid bilayers and alter intrinsic bilayer physical properties (e.g., bilayer thickness, monolayer curvature, and elastic moduli). Such changes can modulate membrane protein function by altering the energetic cost (DeltaG(bilayer)) of bilayer deformations associated with protein confo...

Bilayer graphene nanoribbons (BGNRs) with a predefined width have been produced directly from bilayer graphene using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in scanning mode operated at 300 kV. The BGNRs have been subsequently imaged in high-resolution TEM mode at 80 kV. During imaging, the interaction of the electrons with the sample induces structural transformations in the BGNR, such as clo...

We present a beam splitter in a suspended, ballistic, multiterminal, bilayer graphene device. By using local bottomgates, a p-n interface tilted with respect to the current direction can be formed. We show that the p-n interface acts as a semi-transparent mirror in the bipolar regime and that the reflectance and transmittance of the p-n interface can be tuned by the gate voltages. Moreover, by ...