In this paper we discuss the initial state of universe at Big Bang. By using ideas Freedman in proof disk embedding theorem for 4-manifolds, describe corresponding spacetime as gravitational instanton. The spatial space is a fractal (wild embedded 3-sphere). Then construct quantum from space. This part string algebra Ocneanu. There link to Jones polynomial and Witten's topological field theory....

disease by 30%," which sits uneasily with the report's own acceptance that the Medical Research Council's hypertension trial found "no significant effect on heart disease" from the reduction of mild to moderate hypertension. To have maximum impact such reports should surely offer no unprotected flanks to their critics and should concentrate on limited and attainable targets for which unimpeacha...

I review standard big bang nucleosynthesis and some versions of nonstandard BBN. The abundances of the primordial isotopes D, He-3, and Li-7 produced in standard BBN can be calculated as a function of the baryon density with an accuracy of about 10%. For He-4 the accuracy is better than 1%. The calculated abundances agree fairly well with observations, but the baryon density of the universe can...

The first theoretical evidence for the Big Bang came from Alexander Friedmann in 1922, when he showed that Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicted that the universe was either expanding or contracting. Einstein was so upset with this result that he introduced a cosmological constant into his theory which would make the universe static. Later he said that this was his biggest bl...

The light element abundances probe the baryon density of the universe within a few minutes of the Big Bang. Of these relics from the earliest universe, deuterium is the baryometer of choice. By comparing its primordial abundance inferred from observations with that predicted by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), the early universe baryon density is derived. This is then compared to independent est...

The Big Bang frame of work for cosmology is a theoretical construct based upon one possible interpretation of the Hubble observation of the red shift from distant galaxiwa. Almost all of the scientific experimental evidence has been interpreted under the Big-Bang hypothesis. And the results have been very promising though with a few important drawbacks. The main point in our present work is to ...

If it is assumed that the Universe did not start in a singularity and that the laws of physics apply equally to the time 13.75 billion years ago then the Universe at that time should correspond to a wavefunction or state vector. We shall find that this state vector should be very special and highly symmetrical. By making some reasonable assumptions about the initial conditions of the Universe w...

In this paper it is investigated whether torsion, which arises naturally in most theories of quantum gravity, has observable implications for the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Torsion can lead to spin flips amongst neutrinos thus turning them into sterile neutrinos. In the early Universe they can alter the helium abundance which is tightly constrained by observations. Here I calculate to what exten...

For supersymmetric theories with gravitino dark matter, the maximal reheating temperature consistent with big bang nucleosynthesis bounds arises when the physical gaugino masses are degenerate. We consider the cases of a stau or sneutrino next-tolightest superpartner, which have relatively less constraint from big bang nucleosynthesis. The resulting parameter space is consistent with leptogenes...