Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin is a key mediator of necrotizing enterocolitis and enterotoxemia. It is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) that exerts cytotoxic effect. Experimental investigation using piglet and rabbit intestinal loop models and a mouse infection model apparently showed that beta-toxin is the important pathogenic factor of the organisms. The toxin caused the swelling and disruption...

the restriction enzyme ava ii detects the base change of the intervening sequence ii (ivs ii) which is used as one of the markers of β-globin gene polymorphism. this study was conducted to determine the frequency of the ava ii site on the β-globin gene among normal people and patients with sickle cell syndrome (scs) in iran. dna fragments containing the ivs ii region of the β-globin gene from 3...

background: in order to deworm the ruminants especially of sheep in iran, consumption of benzimi­dazoles has more than 2 decades history and today farmers are using imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones and mostly benzimidazole compounds (bzs) to treat infected farm animals. it has been demonstrated that the most common molecular mechanism leading to bzsresistance in haemonchus contortus is a ...

objective: aflatoxin is important in the food industry, in animal husbandry and the medical area; there are enormous negative economic impacts due to this toxin. numerous studies have researched extracts and plant compounds with the intent to reduce the growth of aflatoxin-producing organisms, inhibit toxin production and suppress the major toxin encoded genes (i.e., aflr) in these organisms. l...

A 10-aa motif in transmembrane helix 1 of diphtheria toxin that is conserved in anthrax edema factor, anthrax lethal factor, and botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, C, and D was identified by blast, clustal w, and meme computational analysis. Using the diphtheria toxin-related fusion protein toxin DAB(389)IL-2, we demonstrate that introduction of the L221E mutation into a highly conserved residue...

Race T of the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus is highly virulent toward Texas male sterile (T) maize and differs from its relative, race O, at a locus (Tox1) that is responsible for the production of T-toxin, a family of linear long-chain (C35 to E41) polyketides. In a previous study, the restriction enzyme-mediated integration procedure was used to mutagenize and tag Tox1. Here, we...

BACKGROUND Presentation after Clostridium difficile infection may depend on the level of epithelial exposure to toxins. We investigated epithelial barrier function and expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in response to varying concentrations of C. difficile toxin A. METHODS T84 cells were either preexposed or continuously exposed to C. difficile toxin A ...

background: the mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venoms are known to contain α-toxin peptides, many of which interfere with k+ ion channel function. these toxin peptides have important value in  the pharmacology and physiology studies of specific k+ channel of cells. objectives: given the  lack of information of the molecular biology of peptides in the toxin of iranian scorpions, the aim of this stud...