Rats can learn to forage among olfactory cues to associate one with reward in only 3 massed trials. The learning is achieved in less than 10 min and results in a memory trace lasting at least 1wk week. To study the neuro-anatomical circuits involved in the memory formation we used immunoreactivity to the immediate early gene c-fos as a marker for neuronal activity induced by the learning. The p...

BNST: bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CRF: corticotropin releasing factor; VTA: ventral tegmental area Recommended journal section: Neuropharmacology This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. ABSTRACT Stress can trigger relapse of drug use in recovering cocaine addicts and reinstatement in rodent models through mechanisms that appea...

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL) are internalized by the same receptor in mouse peritoneal macrophages and yet their endocytic patterns differ; beta-VLDL is targeted to both widely distributed and perinuclear vesicles, whereas LDL is targeted almost entirely to perinuclear lysosomes. This endocytic divergence may have important metabolic consequenc...

Rats can learn to forage among olfactory cues to associate one with reward in only 3 massed trials. The learning is achieved in less than 10 min and results in a memory trace lasting at least 1wk week. To study the neuro-anatomical circuits involved in the memory formation we used immunoreactivity to the immediate early gene c-fos as a marker for neuronal activity induced by the learning. The p...

Beta-arrestins bind to activated G protein-coupled receptor kinase-phosphorylated receptors, which leads to their desensitization with respect to G proteins, internalization via clathrin-coated pits, and signaling via a growing list of "scaffolded" pathways. To facilitate the discovery of novel adaptor and signaling roles of beta-arrestins, we have developed and validated a generally applicable...

background and aims: understanding β-cell function at the molecular level will likely facilitate the development of β-cells manufacture techniques. the aim of the present study was to investigate the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (pdx-1) gene expression into dtz-stained cellular clusters originating from emberyonal carcinoma cells. methods: this implemental -fundamental study was accomplis...