The traditional puzzles about belief reports puzzles rest on a certain seemingly innocuous assumption, that 'that'-clauses specify belief contents. The main theories of belief reports also rest on this " Specification Assumption " , that for a belief report of the form 'A believes that p' to be true,' the proposition that p must be among the things A believes. I use Kripke's Paderewski case to ...

Researchers have identified at least 80 different autoimmune diseases that affect at least 23.5 million Americans. The American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, a nonprofit health agency whose mission is to eradicate autoimmune diseases and alleviate the suffering and the socioeconomic impact, believes both of these numbers may be too low and estimates there may be as many as 140 differ...

With ongoing genetic discoveries and improvements in technology, more genetic tests are available than ever before. Along with greater availability has come increased consumer demand for genetic tests and expansion of direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing. The American College of Medical Genetics believes that it is critical for the public to realize that genetic testing is only one part of a comple...

Over the past few years, CMS has urged senior leadership to develop strategic policy directions and initiatives to improve the nation’s healthcare system. CMS believes that the post-acute care product is not well defined. Differences in assessment instruments make detailed comparisons across the settings difficult and/or impossible. Without a uniform patient assessment methodology for postacute...

Polio eradication goals: IAP strongly believes that polio will be eradicated from India and that it will happen sooner or later, sooner the better. IAP also has full faith in the current polio eradication goals. IAP firmly believes that the 4 pronged strategy of polio eradication consisting of effective routine immunization, Supplementary Immunization Activity (SIA), AFP surveillance and mop-up...

Adam Brandenburger and H. Jerome Keisler have recently discovered a two person Russell-style paradox. They show that the following configurations of beliefs is impossible: Ann believes that Bob assumes that Ann believes that Bob’s assumption is wrong. In [7] a modal logic interpretation of this paradox is proposed. The idea is to introduce two modal operators intended to represent the agents’ b...

A paradox of self-reference in beliefs in games is identified, which yields a game-theoretic impossibility theorem akin to Russell’s Paradox. An informal version of the paradox is that the following configuration of beliefs is impossible: Ann believes that Bob assumes that Ann believes that Bob’s assumption is wrong This is formalized to show that any belief model of a certain kind must have a ...