methodology non-native participants in this study were sixty ba students majoring in english literature and teaching english as a foreign language at khayyam university of mashhad. they were senior students, between 21 to 24 years old, who had studied english for at least three and a half years and had passed several courses including grammar, reading, conversation, and writing. this was assum...

The art of weaving in the territory of Iran is a part of the cultural identity of it`s people. The traditional handicrafts of Sistan and Baluchestan are also considered as an important aspect of this identity. Apart from design and color, many other dimensions of carpet production in this region can be considered as their cultural-religious characteristics. Since the study of the semantic dimen...

Collective rituals have always had an influence on the body, the function and thecontent of houses with an interaction with them. Houses, with space and ritual functionshave played a fundamental role in shaping the social structure of historical neighborhoodsand the religious and cultural foundations of society. Holding religious ceremonies inevery home has strengthened the social bonds of that...

Looking at the common customs in Iran, it can be understood that mourning ceremonies have been among important rituals for the Iranians. Such rituals that are rooted in Iranian traditions have been certain topics for various texts and anecdotes. Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is one of these works that has narrated these rituals and in some of the illustrated copies of this, there are illustrations with...