as the most perfect divine religion, the holy islam contains comprehensively complete programs leading human-being to prosperity and salvation. one of the recommendations highly emphasized in the religion of islam is charitable endowment. though being not compulsory, endowment is highly advised in the religion and has a well-deserved role in elevating our souls and providing spirituality for th...

In one proposed use of digital watermarks, the owner of a document D sells slightly diierent documents, D 1 ; D 2 ; : : : to each buyer; if a buyer posts his/her document D i to the web, the owner can identify the source of the leak. More general attacks are however possible in which k buyers create some composite document D ; the goal of the owner is to identify at least one of the conspirator...

Idle computation cycles of a shared network of workstations are increasingly being used to run batch parallel programs. For one common paradigm, the batch program task running on an idle workstation is preempted when the owner reclaims the workstation. This owner interference has a considerable impact on the execution time of a batch program, especially in the case of large parallel programs. R...

The paper analyzes the choice of organizational structure as solution to the trade-off between controlling behavior based on authority rights and minimizing costs for implementing high efforts. The analysis includes the owner of a firm, a top manager and two division heads. If it is more expensive to incentivize the division heads, the owner will prefer full delegation of authority to them to r...

The secure base and safe haven effects of the attachment figure are central features of the human attachment theory. Recently, conclusive evidence for human analogue attachment behaviours in dogs has been provided, however, the owner's security-providing role in danger has not been directly supported. We investigated the relationship between the behavioural and cardiac response in dogs (N= 30) ...

There are currently two major agencies, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), that produce estimates of the cost of shelter for renters and for owners on a regular basis. In addition, the Census Bureau is conducting a nation-wide survey, the American Community Survey (ACS) of rents and owner costs on a rolling five-year basis. This paper explores the fe...