Vascular disease can attack the brain suddenly, causing a stroke, or subtly, inducing cognitive and behavioral changes. Mounting evidence suggests that the risk factors for stroke are also risk factors for cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer’s disease, and that depression can be associated with vascular changes in the brain (www.congrex.com/VAS-COG2003). Epidemiological surveys tend to be...

This therapeutic approach is indicated specifically for individuals with evidence of dysfunctional sleep cognitions and, particularly, faulty sleep-related beliefs. There is no evidence that it is more or less effective for specific subtypes of insomnia (initial, middle, mixed) or diagnostic subgroups (primary or comorbid insomnia). Clinically, cognitive therapy is likely to be more helpful for...

BACKGROUND Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender persistent behavior, despite knowledge of adverse consequences, i.e., diminished control over the behavior. These disorders have historically been conceptualized in several ways. One view posits these disorders as lying along an impulsive-compulsive spectrum, with some classified ...