Background and purpose: In Europe, the EU Directive 2001/18/EC lays out the main provisions of environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) organisms that are interpreted very differently by different stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to: (a) describe the current implementation of ERA of GM plants in the EU and its scientific shortcomings, (b) present an improved ER...

This historical review of dental caries diagnosis and management is based on information obtained from reports published between 1839 and 1965 and forty textbooks on caries diagnosis and management published since the nineteenth century. The history of understanding of any disease or condition in humans has passed through two distinct eras. The first, which lasted until the twentieth century an...

This study aims to determine the services provided by TSPs for motivating the consumers to purchase new e-era mobile phones and find their corresponding functions of products, and to plan new e-era mobile phones based on customers’ attributes for satisfying the customer needs. This study uses four aspects (image of product, price of product, function of product and derived function of product) ...

PURPOSE Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen used in women who have estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha-positive breast cancer. Unfortunately, resistance to tamoxifen is common in women with metastatic disease and side effects, including increased risk of endometrial cancer, exist. Here we describe the activity of a new selective ER modulator, ERA-923, in preclinical models focused on these limitations. EXP...

OBJECTIVE To compare time to clinical worsening (TTCW) based on initial oral therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related PAH. METHODS Using data from the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma (PHAROS) registry (a multicenter prospective observational study enrolling SSc patients with incident pulmon...

By incorporating the wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing into the classical Ekman model, the wind energy input to the Ekman-Stokes layer is investigated, with an emphasis on the surface wave effects when the direction of Stokes drift deviates from that of wind stress. Theoretical analysis of the kinetic energy balance of the EkmanStokes layer shows that the total wind energy input consists of ...

A stand-alone sea ice model is tuned and validated using satellite-derived, basinwide observations of sea ice thickness, extent, and velocity from the years 1993 to 2001. This is the first time that basin-scale measurements of sea ice thickness have been used for this purpose. The model is based on the CICE sea ice model code developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, with some minor modi...

We present a “nudged” version of the Met Office general circulation model, the Unified Model. We constrain this global climate model using ERA-40 re-analysis data with the aim of reproducing the observed “weather” over a year from September 1999. Quantitative assessments are made of its performance, focusing on dynamical aspects of nudging and demonstrating that the “weather” is well simulated.

In this article global estimates of 100-yr return values of wind speed and significant wave height are presented. These estimates are based on the ECMWF 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data and are linearly corrected using estimates based on buoy data. This correction is supported by global Topographic Ocean Experiment (TOPEX) altimeter data estimates. The calculation of return values is based on th...