Objectives: The basal ganglia (BG) controls different patterns of behavior by receiving inputs from sensory-motor and pre-motor cortex and projecting it to pre-frontal, pre-motor and supplementary motor areas. As the exact role of BG in swallowing process has not been fully determined, we aimed at reviewing the published data on neurological control in the swallowing technique to have a better ...

Now, that the last of the submissions have been reviewed and accepted for publication, the 46 articles resulting from IBAGS X have been sorted into 7 topics (Basal Ganglia Electrophysiology, Basal Ganglia Pharmacology, Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Genetic Models of Basal Ganglia Disorders, Basal Ganglia Function in Health and Disease, Learning in the Basal Ganglia and Computational Approaches to the ...

The basal ganglia are large subcortical structures comprising several interconnected nuclei in the forebrain, midbrain, and diencephalon (Fig. 31.1). Because of certain features, it is generally agreed that basal ganglia participate in the control of movement. The largest portion of basal ganglia inputs and outputs are connected with motor areas. Second, the discharge of many basal ganglia neur...

The hippocampus and the basal ganglia are thought to play fundamental and distinct roles in learning and memory, supporting two dissociable memory systems. Interestingly, however, the hippocampus and the basal ganglia have each, separately, been implicated as necessary for reversal learning-the ability to adaptively change a response when previously learned stimulus-outcome contingencies are re...

Neurodegenerative diseases are termed for the age-related chronic and progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). One of the major pathological changes in AD is degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons which connected to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus [1]. The loss of structure and function of dopamine neu...

Transcranial sonography is a highly sensitive noninvasive sonographic method for detection of early and specific echogenic changes in basal ganglia of patients with some neurodegenerative diseases. Transcranial sonography showed substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as a typical echo feature in idiopathic Parkinson disease and lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity as a characteristic finding in aty...

introduction: addiction imposes a large medical, social and economic burden on societies. currently, there is no effective treatment for addiction. our struggle to decipher the different mechanisms involved in addiction requires a proper understanding of the brain regions which promote this devastating behavior. previous studies have shown a pivotal role for insula in cigarette smoking. in this...

Aging is a phenomenon related to every person and has tremendous impact on people’s life quality. During aging, some people may get neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease. These diseases can vastly impair patient’s quality cause problems their families. This review investigates concludes many recent findings find the symptoms, pathways, possible cures for such diseases. The passag...