Baptism of necessity of life-threatened newborns was proclaimed by church law and related midwifery regulations from the second half of the 16th century. Midwives were for centuries the only lay persons attending the pregnant woman, parturient woman and newborn, so they were obliged to baptize newborns with life-threatening conditions, which were rather common and associated with high mortality...

In 1391 Spanish Jews were forcibly converted to Catholic Christianity, and Portuguese suffered the same fate in 1497. Jewish law rendered involuntary converts as anusim voluntary meshumadim. Christians without ancestry called them by various names, New Christians, alboraique, xuetas, marranos, name a few. fifteenth century, clerical authorities debated whether indeed albeit coerced. Canonic sac...

In 2008 and 2020, the Congregation for Doctrine of Faith published two responses to questions posed regarding validity modified baptismal formulas. When administering baptism, some Catholic ministers had altered prescribed formula with regard naming Trinity declarative introduction (ie ‘We baptise you …’ instead ‘I …’). The dismissed all these formulas as invalidating baptism demanded that indi...

This protocol describes how the photoconvertible protein Kaede can be used to determine the birthdates of neurons in live zebrafish. The methods used are birthdating analysis by photoconverted fluorescent protein tracing in vivo (BAPTI) and BAPTI combined with subpopulation markers (BAPTISM). Because Kaede can be converted from green to red fluorescence at any developmental time point, it serve...