the importance of the role played by bacteria in the pathogenesis of pulpal and apical disease has been established. one of the characteristics of apical periodontitis is apical bone resorption, which is due to apical immune response to bacterial infection. recently, novel bacterial complex lipid called phosphorylated dihydroceramides has been discovered to be of inflammatory activators. the ba...

Bacterial vaginosis (non-specific vaginitis) is a mild but common condition. O'Dowd et al reported that organisms associated with vaginosis could be isolated from 37% of women who presented with vaginal symptoms. The current treatment of choice is an oral nitroimidazole (metronidazole or tinidazole), given either as a single large dose or as a twice daily regimen for five to seven days. A probl...

Topical and systemic antibiotic treatment are essential in the prevention of wound infections. Systemic antibiotics, on other hand, strongly linked to mechanisms resistance, which jeopardize process. The direction antibiotics eschar becomes less reliable deeper burn thicker for local care . As a result, topical appear as viable option, they help maintain “high sustained concentration antimicrob...