PURPOSE Compare the lymphatic flow in the arm after breast cancer surgery and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) versus sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) using lymphos-cintigraphy (LS). PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study with 39 women >18 years who underwent surgical treatment for unilateral breast cancer and manipulation of the axillary lymph node chain through either ALND or SL...

The primo vascular system (PVS) floating in lymph fluid has mostly been observed in large caliber ducts around the caudal vena cava and the thoracic duct of rabbits, rats, and mice. But the PVS has not been traced up to the lymph nodes. It has not been established whether the PVS leaves the lymph vessel through the lymph vessel wall or it enters the lymph nodes. Therefore, observing the PVS ent...

AIMS This paper describes a simple technique of axillary and breast massage which improves the successful identification of blue sentinel nodes using patent blue dye alone. METHODS Patent blue dye was injected in the subdermal part of the retroaroelar area in 167 patients having surgical treatment for invasive breast cancer. Three stage axillary lymphatic massage was performed prior to making...

The main basin for breast lymphatic drainage is ipsilateral axilla. However, extra-axillary drainage may be seen in some patients. The most common extra-axillary site is internal mammary chain, while contralateral axillary drainage is an extremely rare situation in previously untreated patients. We describe a case of untreated right breast retroareolar carcinoma with contralateral axillary drai...

BACKGROUND While lymph node metastasis is among the strongest predictors of disease-free and overall survival for patients with breast cancer, the immunological nature of tumor-draining lymph nodes is often ignored, and may provide additional prognostic information on clinical outcome. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed immunohistochemical analysis of 47 sentinel and 104 axillary (nonsentinel)...

BACKGROUND The objectives of the study were to determine how often a sentinel lymph node is visualized by lymphoscintigraphy in breast carcinoma patients, how often the sentinel lymph node is identified during surgery, and the sensitivity of these procedures to identify the presence of axillary lymph node metastasis. METHODS A total of 136 patients were enrolled in 2 hospitals. Preoperative d...

In early breast cancer, the presence of metastasis in axillary lymph nodes is an important factor in prognosis and further treatment. However, axillary lymph node dissection causes many complications such as contracture of the shoulder joint, lymph edema, and paralysis of the upper extremities (Ernst, 2002). Convention holds that there is no need to dissect axillary lymph nodes for node-negativ...

The co-existence of breast carcinoma and lymphoma in the axillary lymph nodes, without a history of previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy is rarely described. We present a case of a 50-year-old female with right breast mass, proved by pathological examination to be invasive mucinous carcinoma. Examination of the axillary lymph nodes as axillary clearance showed concomitant small lymphocytic lym...

BACKGROUND Breast cancer coexisting with tuberculous axillary lymph nodes is rare. CASE REPORT We report a 69 years old Yemeni patient with a left breast invasive ductal carcinoma associated with contralateral tuberculous axillary lymph nodes containing microcalcifications mimicking malignancy. The patient had to be investigated for the possibility of bilateral breast cancer since she had no ...

List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. Serial sectioning of breast cancer sentinel nodes does not significantly improve false negativity rate. Manuscript. on behalf of the Swedish Breast Cancer Group and the Swedish Society of Breast Surgeons. Axillary recurrence rate 5 years after negative sentinel node biopsy for...