In making legal decisions, courts apply relevant law to facts. While the typically changes slowly over time, facts vary from case case. Nevertheless, underlying patterns of fact may emerge. This research focuses on commonly present in cases where motorists are stopped for a traffic violation and subsequently detained while police officer conducts canine sniff vehicle drugs. We set fact, that is...

Optical Transport Networks (OTN) with automatical switching capabilities are named ASON. Hierarchical routing is required in the ASON recommendations to achieve scalability. Basically, hierarchical routing consists of three main components, an aggregation scheme, an update policy and a routing algorithm. This paper proposes a new network structure focusing on these three components. We propose ...

We discuss automatic switched optical/transport networks (ASON/ASTN [1][2]) with respect to cost structures. Based on the application of the value chain model of Michael Porter [3] to network operators' processes and activities, we elaborate on the advantages of automation using standardized network interfaces and a decentralized control plane. Furthermore, new business opportunities enabled by...

This paper compared the auto-discovery functionality between GMPLS and ASON, and found the current LMP in GMPLS needs to be modified to meet with the requirements of the ITU-T standard. To efficiently communicate the auto-discovered information between the control plane and the management plane, we proposed the interface between the two planes should be standardized.

This paper provides a detailed analysis and modelling of the Operational Expenditures (OPEX) for a network provider. The traditional operational processes are elaborated and the expected changes when using a control plane such as ASON/GMPLS are described. Control planes are promoted as a major technology for the automation of network operations. It is often claimed to allow the reduction of OPE...