The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived similarity between a melody and the exact and inexact transpositions of that melody. Exact transpositions, which preserve the interval structure of the original melody, were formed by manipulating the variables key-distance and pitch-distance. Inexact transpositions, having a different interval structure than the original melody, were c...

A key signature is a collection of paths in pitch-class space. As such, it provides a powerful tool for thinking about voice leading, one that can be used to answer familiar objections to the very notion of a voice leading between pitch-class sets. I begin by generalizing the traditional Western system of musical notation, defining paths in pitch-class space, and showing that key signatures are...

In the experiment we proof the paradoxical perception of pitch. A tone sequence demonstrates this paradox: the sequence is perceived as descending, although the first and last tone are identical. The intransitivity of pitch perception generalizes (Shepard 1964). It applies also to harmonic complex tones with variate amplitude envelope and partials that are arranged in intervals different from o...

Sex differences in the prevalence of inflammatory disorders exist, perhaps due to sex differences in cellular mechanisms that contribute to proinflammatory cytokine activity. This study analyzed sex differences of monocyte intracellular expression of IL-6 and its associations with reproductive hormones and autonomic mechanisms in 14 matched pairs of men and women (n = 28). Monocyte intracellula...

We investigate with German data how the use of temporary agency work has helped establishments to manage the economic and financial crisis in 2008/09. We examine the (regular) workforce development, use of short-time work, and business performance of establishments that made differential use of temporary agency work prior to the crisis. Overall, our results suggest that establishments with a gr...